Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank all the participants involved in this study. We also wish to thank K. Gotanda, Y. Morimoto, M. Miyazawa, S. Shimizu, T. Chiba, Y. Kawamura, A. Akashi and Y. Tanahashi for the genetic analysis, A. Tokumasu, K. Ooyama, K. Wakai and N. Hamajima for sample collection and H. Nakashima, Y. Sakurai, T. Takada, T. Nakamura and H. Tanaka for the helpful discussion.
Conflict of interest
Authors declare no conflicts of interest. This study is supported by grants from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan including the MEXT KAKENHI (Grant numbers 221S0001, 25293145, and 15K15227), the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan, the Ministry of Defense of Japan, the Kawano Masanori Memorial Foundation for Promotion of Pediatrics, the Gout Research Foundation of Japan.
Supplementary material available online