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Articles

Understanding the moral economics of occupational engagement

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Pages 82-94 | Accepted 04 Jan 2019, Published online: 22 Mar 2019
 

ABSTRACT

Occupational science scholars continue to debate the conceptualization of and processes related to occupational engagement. Despite active acknowledgement of the hierarchical and situated nature of occupational engagement, there is a paucity of evidence regarding the social processes that explain the situatedness of occupations and their role in maintaining social hierarchies, and thus, institutions. The aim of this ethnographic study was to better understand social processes related to occupational engagement. Participants included 18 adults with serious mental illness and 16 service-providers. Data collected at two clubhouses in the US via interviews, fieldwork (approximately 600 hours), and document review were analyzed using open and focused coding along with analytic interpretation. Findings helped generate a moral economics of occupations framework, which conceptualizes occupations as tangible assets and highlights their function in establishing and maintaining hierarchies and institutions. The framework highlights the positive association between agency, social capital, and occupational engagement. Research is required to assess transferability of the framework in various institutional settings.

Los estudiosos de la ciencia ocupacional continúan debatiendo en torno a la conceptualización y los procesos relacionados con la participación en ocupaciones. A pesar de reconocer activamente la naturaleza jerárquica y situada de la participación ocupacional, existe escasez de evidencia acerca de los procesos sociales que explican el carácter situado de las ocupaciones y su rol en el mantenimiento de las jerarquías sociales y, por lo tanto, de las instituciones. El presente estudio etnográfico tuvo por objetivo comprender mejor los procesos sociales relacionados con el compromiso laboral. En el mismo participaron 18 adultos que padecen enfermedades mentales graves y 16 proveedores de servicios. Los datos recopilados mediante entrevistas en dos clubes de EE. UU., el trabajo de campo (aproximadamente 600 horas) y la revisión de documentos se analizaron empleando codificación abierta y focalizada e interpretación analítica. Los hallazgos ayudaron a generar un marco de economía moral para las ocupaciones, que las conceptualiza como activos tangibles, destacando la función que desempeñan en el establecimiento y el mantenimiento de jerarquías e instituciones. Por otra parte, dicho marco resalta la asociación positiva entre agencia, capital social y compromiso ocupacional. Se requieren estudios adicionales que permitan evaluar la transferibilidad del marco en varios entornos institucionales.

生活活动科学学者继续争论生活活动参与的概念化和相关过程。尽管积极承认生活活动参与的等级性和情境性,但关于解释生活活动的情境性及其在维持社会等级制度中的作用的社会过程的证据却很少。本项人种学研究的目的是更好地了解与生活活动参与有关的社会过程。参与者包括18名患有严重精神疾病的成年人和16名服务提供者。在美国两个俱乐部通过访谈、实地调查(约600小时)和文件审查收集的数据,用开放和集中的编码以及分析型解释进行了分析。研究结果有助于形成生活活动道德经济学框架,该框架将生活活动概念化为有形资产,并强调其在建立和维护等级制度和制度方面的作用。该框架强调了机构、社会资本和生活活动参与之间的积极联系。需要进行研究以评估框架在各种制度环境下的可转用性。

RÉSUMÉ

Les spécialistes des sciences de l'occupation poursuivent le débat sur la conceptualisation de l'engagement occupationnel et des processus qui y sont liés. Malgré la reconnaissance active de la nature hiérarchique et contextualisée de l'engagement occupationnel, les preuves relatives aux processus sociaux qui expliquent l'aspect situationnel des occupations sont insuffisantes ; tout comme leur rôle dans le maintien des hiérarchies sociales et, par conséquent, des institutions. Le but de cette étude ethnographique était d'améliorer la compréhension des processus sociaux liés à l'engagement occupationnel. Les participant·e·s étaient 18 adultes vivant avec des troubles de santé mentale graves et 16 prestataires de services. Les données recueillies auprès de deux lieux psychosociaux aux É.-U. dans le cadre d'entrevues, d'observation participante (environ 600 heures) et de revue documentaire ont été analysées selon une codification ouverte et ciblée en plus de faire l'objet d'une interprétation analytique. Les résultats ont permis de générer un cadre conceptuel de l’économie morale des occupations, lequel conçoit les occupations comme des actifs tangibles qui ont pour fonction d’établir et de maintenir des hiérarchies et des institutions. Ce cadre conceptuel met en avant l'association positive entre l'agentivité (agency), le capital social et l'engagement occupationnel. D'autres recherches sont requises pour évaluer le caractère transférable de ce cadre dans différents contextes institutionnels.

Acknowledgements

We are extremely grateful to the individuals who participated in this study and provided their time for data collection. We are also thankful to Dr. Nancy Bagatell, Dr. Brian Boyd, Dr. Sue Estroff, Eric Sullivan, and Professor Sir Graham Thornicroft for guiding this research project and providing feedback on the manuscript.

Notes

1 Value here refers to capital based on skills and/or socio-economic assets.

2 Only participant pseudonyms are used throughout this manuscript.

3 The MEOC framework cannot be understood from the lens of individualistic perspective on occupations, as such a perspective may 1) underestimate the influence of context and history and/or 2) overestimate individuals’ capacity to understand all the rationalities that implicitly govern their actions.

4 Since occupations are situated, limitations put on a clubhouse by policy and social expectations contributed to disparity in occupational engagement at the clubhouses. However, despite limitations, staff tried as much as they could to engage members in various tasks.

5 Moral reasoning has been studied in the context of occupational therapy education (Brockett, Citation1996), with notions of human action and their interconnectedness with morals/morality highlighted by occupational science scholars (e.g., Cutchin et al., Citation2008).

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