Impulsivity traits and gambling cognitions associated with gambling preferences and clinical status

Abstract

Impulsivity (and related traits reward/punishment sensitivity and tolerance to delayed rewards) and gambling cognitions have been linked to gambling. However, their independent associations with gambling preferences and clinical status have never been dissociated. The current study applied a data-driven strategy to identify gambling preferences, based on gambling frequency in several modalities. The two resulting factors were used to classify gambling disorder patients (GDPs) and non-problem recreational gamblers (RGs) into Type I (preferring cards, casino games and skill-based bets) and Type II (preferring slot machines, lotteries/pools and bingo). Participants were assessed in impulsivity, delay discounting, reward/punishment sensitivity, gambling-related cognitions, gambling severity, gambling frequency and average amount gambled per episode. GDPs scored higher than RGs in positive and negative urgency, delay discounting, reward sensitivity and intensity of gambling-related cognitions, but less in lack of perseverance. Additionally, Type II gamblers had greater difficulties delaying gratification, whereas Type I gamblers showed higher cognitive distortion and reward sensitivity levels. In practical terms, the finding that some characteristics are equally pervasive in disordered gamblers independently of their preferences (affect-driven impulsivity), whereas others (distorted cognitions, reward sensitivity, delay discounting) are more prominent in one type or the other, provides a basis to establish targets’ priority in therapy.

Keywords:

• Gambling disorder
• gambling preferences
• gambler subtypes
• gambling-related cognitions
• impulsivity
• delay discounting

Acknowledgements

We thank Trevor Steward (Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL) for his assistance in revising the English version of this article, and AGRAJER (Asociación Granadina de Jugadores de Azar en Rehabilitación), APLIJER (Asociación Provincial Linarense de Jugadores de Azar en Rehabilitación) and ALUJER (Asociación de Ludópatas de Jaén en Rehabilitación) for their fruitful collaboration and assistance in the recruitment of participants.