Conservative globalists versus defensive nationalists: political parties and paradoxes of Europeanization in Turkey

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Notes

¹ On the recent Europeanization and reform process in Turkey, see N. Tocci, ‘Europeanisation in Turkey: trigger or anchor for reform?’, and M. Müftüler-Baç, ‘Turkey's political reforms and the impact of the European Union’, both in South European Society and Politics, 10(1), April 2005.

² On the role of civil society in Turkey's Europeanization process, see F. Keyman and A. İçduygu (eds), Citizenship in a Global World: European Questions and Turkish Experiences, Routledge, London, 2005.

³ On the transformation of political Islam and the AKP phenomenon, see H. Yavuz (ed.), The Emergence of a New Turkey: Islam, Democracy and the AK Parti, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, 2006.

⁴ E. Özbudun, ‘Changes and continuities of the Turkish party system’, Representation, 42(2), 2006, pp. 129–137. For a major study on the Turkish party system, see S. Sayari and Y. Esmer, Political Parties and Elections in Turkey, Lynne Rienner, Boulder, CO, 2002.

⁵ For the classic article on the centre–periphery paradigm, see Ş. Mardin, ‘Centre–periphery relations: a key to Turkish politics’, Daedalus, Winter 1972, pp. 169–190.

⁶ The ‘red apple coalition’ refers to an attempt to bring together nationalists on both sides of the political axis. Hard-core Euro-sceptics if one excludes the MHP and the CHP would be less than 10 per cent. However, if one includes the MHP and the CHP, whose Euro-scepticism is increasingly indistinguishable from hard Euro-scepticism, the electoral potential of this group would amount to at least 30 per cent.

⁷ On Euro-scepticism in Turkey see H. Yilmaz, ‘Swinging between Euro-supportiveness and Euroscepticism: Turkish public's general attitudes towards the European Union’, in H. Yilmaz (ed.), Placing Turkey on the Map of Europe, Boğaziçi University Press, Istanbul, 2005, pp. 152–181.