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Abstract
Tourism, including nature-based tourism, simultaneously produces and conceals the contradictions of capitalism. This is because it relies on creating attractions, or new sources of accumulation from the very crises it produces. Nature-based tourism is promoted as a ‘win-win’ that can resolve the contradiction between continual economic growth and finite natural resources. This is made possible via a process of neoliberalising nature, which cuts the threads that bind ecosystems together, so that the constituent parts can be transformed into new commodities. To draw out these broad arguments, this paper firstly examines the claims around tourism as ‘green economy’ – which proponents claim can produce environmentally sustainable economic growth – a benefit also associated with nature-based tourism. I also show that this can be regarded as simply the latest version of an existing debate rather than offering a new interpretation. This is explored further via a comparative analysis of how tourism neoliberalises nature at the scales of the individual animal (elephant trekking in Thailand) and the landscape (by global networks of NGOs operating in Madagascar). In the case of neoliberalisation of nature at the individual animal scale, the notion of bodily fix is also important. It is not just the elephants that are primed for commodity capture, it is the emotional experience of close interactions with elephants which is commodified. Such changes reshape societal relations with nature, but in uneven and incomplete ways. This is underlined by a discussion of the case of the Durban Vision Initiative in Madagascar – which reveals how neoliberalisation was incomplete as a result of its encounter with local level materialities.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on previous drafts. I also thank the UK Economic and Social Research Council for supporting the research on elephant back tourism (grant reference RES-000-22-2599) and on Madagascar (grant reference RES-000-22-0342).
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No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.
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Rosaleen Duffy
Rosaleen Duffy is a professor of political ecology, in the Department of Development Studies, SOAS University of London. Her research takes an interdisciplinary approach, drawing on international politics, geography and development studies. She focuses on global environmental governance, neoliberalism and nature, the wildlife trade, gemstone mining, tourism and transfrontier peace parks. Her most recent books are Nature Crime: How We're Getting Conservation Wrong (Yale University Press, 2010) and Nature Unbound: Conservation, Capitalism and the Future of Protected Areas (Earthscan, 2008) (with Dan Brockington and James Igoe).