“The Media Covers Up a Lot of Things”: Watchdog Ideals Meet Folk Theories of Journalism

ABSTRACT

The idealized view of the press as an institution that operates independently from private and political interests and tries to hold power to account is central to many journalists’ self-conception and extensive academic scholarship on news. Yet surveys find significant numbers of citizens reject such views about the role of news in society. This article draws on in-depth interviews with a strategic sample of 83 news avoiders in Spain and the UK to investigate “folk theories” about the relationship between news and politics. Instead of believing in the watchdog ideal, many saw the news media as, at best, irrelevant and, at worst, actively complicit with a distant and self-serving political and economic establishment. Many saw the news not as bringing important subjects to light, but as actively covering them up. The difference between professional and scholarly theories that stress the watchdog role on the one hand, and folk theories where this notion is completely absent on the other, highlights the specific cultural challenge journalism faces today. Cynicism about the role of news in society poses a problem that transcends the specific economic, political, and technological challenges that currently preoccupy many journalism professionals and institutions.

KEYWORDS:

• News avoidance
• news consumption
• watchdog journalism
• political efficacy
• in-depth interviews
• qualitative audience research

Disclosure Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

1 The survey question was adopted from previous research (Newman et al. 2017; Schrøder and Blach-Orsten 2016). In the UK: “Typically, how often do you access news? By news we mean national, international, regional/local news and other topical events accessed via any platform (radio, TV, newspaper or online).” In Spanish: “Normalmente, ¿con qué frecuencia consulta las noticias? Por noticias nos referimos a la información nacional, internacional, regional/local y otros acontecimientos de actualidad consultados en cualquier plataforma (radio, televisión, periódicos o Internet).” Although imprecise, we use the term “news avoider” to avoid unwieldy alternatives (e.g., “extremely-low-news-consumers”) and because it is increasingly widely used in the literature.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by Google UK as part of the Google News Initiative through the Digital News Project grant held by the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at the University of Oxford.