Self-understanding in early childhood: associations with child attachment security and maternal negative affect

Abstract

Although studies document that young children perceive themselves in psychologically-relevant ways, much remains to be understood about early self-concept development and how it is influenced by relational experience. This longitudinal study examines stability and change in the self-understanding of preschoolers, and its relation to children's security of attachment and maternal negative affect. Thirty-three children were studied with their mothers at ages 4 and 5; children's self-perceptions, attachment security, and maternal negative affect were assessed at each age. Secure attachment at 4 years old was associated with more positive self-concept at 5 years old (even with security at age 5 controlled), and secure children were more consistent in their self-perceptions over time. Maternal negative affect was associated with children's more negative self-perceptions and less consistent self-perceptions over time. Overall, these findings confirm the significance of early relational influences in how young children perceive themselves as psychological beings, particularly the importance of attachment security.

Keywords:

• self-concept
• attachment security
• parent–child relationships

Acknowledgements

This research was conducted while the authors were at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln. We thank the children and mothers who participated in this study, and the many undergraduate research assistants who helped with data collection.