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ABSTRACT
In recent decades, many countries have experienced changes in internal migration patterns. In many places, affluent populations have returned to the cities, while middle-class populations, mainly families with children, have moved to peripheral areas. This study examines the extent to which these trends have occurred in Israel. The findings show that in Israel, middle-class families have moved into less affluent municipalities than those they came from, thereby increasing the socioeconomic level of those municipalities. The study analyzes these findings, their ramifications for the new and veteran residents, and the role of planning authorities in their creation and continuation.
Acknowledgments
We thank the editors, Jill Grant and Heather Campbell, and the anonymous reviewers for their useful and challenging comments, which have strengthened the paper. We deeply thank Itai Sened, Gila Menachem, Naomi Carmon, Ram Fishman, Gilad Rosen, Nurit Alfasi, Talia Margalit, Oren Yiftachel, Joseph Berechman and Daniel Gotlieb for their helpful and insightful comments on earlier versions. We thank Harel Nachmany for graphic assistance. This research benefited from a grant from the Alrov Institute for Real Estate Research, Coller School of Management, Tel Aviv University.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Notes
1. The term “Arabs” refers to the mosaic of non-Jewish national minorities living in Israel. Some define themselves as Palestinians, but others (such as Druze and Circassians) do not.
2. A neoliberal economy is characterized by privatizing public companies, curbing organized labor, implementing fiscal austerity mechanisms, retrenching the welfare state, and concentrating economic ownership in the hands of a relatively small group of private asset holders (Nitzan & Bichler, Citation2002; Ram, Citation2008).
3. 9 in the Central District, 1 in Tel-Aviv District, 9 HGs in the Southern District (including Ashdod); 4 HGs in Haifa District; 4 in the northern districts, and 1 in the Jerusalem District.
4. Israel’s National Insurance Institute, research center.
5. Cities in which Arab households are more than 10% of the population.
6. The CBS divided municipalities into 10 clusters (10 is the highest socioeconomic level). Ranking is based on socioeconomic variables, such as mean per capita income (including pensions or benefits); residents’ motorization level; percentages of pupils eligible for matriculation, of students in higher education, and of job seekers; the dependency ratio and percentage of residents receiving an income subsidy. http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications13/1530/pdf/tab01_03.pdf (retrieved 17.November.2017).
7. Data on real wages were calculated by deducting the change in the Consumer Price Index since 2000, which was selected as the base year.
8. For example, the average price of a four-room apartment in 2005 was ~ NIS 750,000, and in Ness-Ziona (the Central District) ~NIS 712,000. At the end of 2015, in Holon, it was ~NIS 1.655m, while in Ness-Ziona it was ~ NIS 1.712m. Madlan: https://www.madlan.co.il/local/%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%94?source=source_search#mdlnPriceIndex (retrieved 6 May 2018).
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Sagit Azary-Viesel
Sagit Azary-Viesel is a PhD candidate in the Department of Public Policy at Tel-Aviv University. Sagit holds a BA in economics and business administration and an MA in the economics research track, both with distinguished honors from Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. She was also an economic researcher at the Shoresh Institution and the Taub Center for Social Policy Studies for seven years. During her work she took part in writing many policy papers and analyzed large data sets.
Ravit Hananel
Dr. Ravit Hananel is a faculty member and head of the Urban Renewal Lab in the Department of Public Policy, Tel-Aviv University. She holds an MA in political science from Tel-Aviv University and a PhD in urban and regional planning from the Technion— Israel Institute of Technology. She is an expert on land policy, land use (planning) policy, and housing policy. Her research engaged in spatial and urban studies, and focuses in the relationship between decision-making in spatial public institutions and questions about distributive justice and social equality.