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Articles

Memorialisation and remembrance: on strategic forgetting and the metamorphosis of psychiatric asylums into sites for tertiary educational provision

Commémoration et souvenir: sur l'oubli stratégique et la métamorphose des asiles psychiatriques dans des sites des provisions éducatives tertiaires

Memorialización y recuerdo: en el olvido estratégico y la metamorfosis de asilos psiquiátricos a sitios para provisión educacional superior

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Pages 731-749 | Published online: 25 Nov 2010
 

Abstract

This paper builds on earlier investigations of psychiatric asylum closure by focusing on their not infrequent successor role as educational facilities. We ask two questions: what conditions underpin a transition to educational re-use, and how is former asylum use remembered and memorialised in the successor context? Through recounting and interpreting the histories of acquisition and adaptation at two sites (Carrington, Auckland and Lakeshore, Toronto), we build a narrative that suggests a variable response to the shadows cast by stigma and the vilification of asylum. We distinguish between memorialisation (material reminders on site) and remembrance (narratives of past use). Former asylum sites, we contend, are attractive for educational users for their campus-like settings, range of buildings and (now) suburban locations. For city residents and planners replacing one institutional use with another keeps the site green, brings employment, and retains semi-public access. Memorialisation is often strategically low-key and remembrance more personal and individual. The net result is a relict landscape that speaks to the transcendence of stigma despite the relatively recent demise of the asylum.

Cet article construit sur des investigations antérieures des fermetures des asiles psychiatriques en se concentrant sur les rôles successifs pas si rares comme des facilités éducatives. Nous posons deux questions: quelles conditions soutiennent une transition à la réutilisation éducative, et comment est-ce que l'utilisation des anciens asiles est remémorée et commémorée dans le contexte successif ? Au travers du récit et de l'interprétation des histoires d'acquisition et d'adaptation aux deux sites (Carrington, Auckland et Lakeshore, Toronto), nous construisons une narration qui suggère une réponse variable aux ombres projetées par le stigmate et la diffamation d'asile. Nous distinguions la commémoration (des rappels matériaux sur site) du souvenir (des récits d'utilisation passée). Nous soulignons que des anciens sites d'asiles sont attirants pour des utilisateurs éducatifs pour leurs cadres comme des campus, leurs gammes des bâtiments et (maintenant) des emplacements suburbains. Pour les résidents et urbanistes des villes le remplacement d'un emploi institutionnel avec un autre garde le site vert, apporte de l'emploi, et maintient l'accès semi public. La commémoration est souvent discrète stratégiquement et le souvenir plus personnel et individuel. Le résultat net est un paysage vestige qui parle à la transcendance du stigmate malgré la disparition relativement récente de l'asile.

Este trabajo se utiliza investigaciones anteriores del cierre de asilos psiquiátricos, enfocando en su renovación común a facilidades educacionales. Preguntamos dos cosas: cuáles son las condiciones para reutilizar un asilo para propósitos educativos, y cómo se acuerda y memorializa un asilo antiguo en el contexto sucesor? A través el recuento y interpretación de historias de adquisición y adaptación en dos sitios (Carrington, Auckland y Lakeshore, Toronto), construimos una narrativa que se sugiere una reacción variable a las sombras proyectadas por los estigmas y infamaciones de asilo. Distinguimos entre memorialización (recuerdos materiales en el sitio) y recuerdo (narrativas de usos pasados). Sostenemos que los antiguos asilos están atractivos para usos educativos por sus ambientes universitarios, la gama de edificios y (ahora) sus ubicaciones suburbanos. Para los residentes y planificadores de la ciudad, reemplazando un uso institucional con otro se conserva el sitio ‘verde’, se lleva empleo, y se retiene el acceso semipúblico. Con frecuencia la memorialización está estratégicamente discreto y el recuerdo está más personal e individual. El resulto es un paisaje relicto que tiene que ver con la transcendencia del estigma a pesar de la desaparición reciente del asilo.

Acknowledgements

We thank Emily Shapiro for her assistance with data collection at Lakeshore, and Frank Webb for archival access and David Bade for research assistance on the Unitec case study.

Notes

1 Terminology varies internationally. We are concerned with the process of converting psychiatric asylums to uses catering to a population generally aged over 18 and awarding degrees or higher professional qualifications. This provision is variously referred to in this paper as tertiary education or higher education.

2 We indicate references to news media only within our text, noting the outlet and the issue date. All other material is referenced conventionally in both the text and the reference list at the end of the paper.

3 We are currently working on this theme in the context of a more general study of the spectral geographies of the asylum. For an example of an exploration encounter with one of our case study facilities see < http://www.uer.ca/locations/show.asp?locid = 24935>(accessed July 2010).

4 Though elsewhere there are examples of museums being developed on former asylum sites. For an example of such development on a site re-used for educational purposes see < http://www.glensidemuseum.org.uk/> (accessed July 2010).

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