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Articles

Colonial resettlement and cultural resistance: the mbira music of Zimbabwe

Réimplantation coloniale et résistance culturelle: La Musique Mbira de Zimbabwe

Reasentamiento Colonial y Resistencia Cultural: La Música Mbira de Zimbabue

Pages 11-27 | Published online: 09 Dec 2011
 

Abstract

Across the colonial world, indigenous people were subjected to extensive resettlement projects that removed them from the lands of their ancestors, separating them from their economic foundations, disrupting their resource security and severing their cultural heritage. Many geographical studies have explored the ways in which indigenous communities, faced with resettlement, transgressed colonial space to express their resistance to the authority of colonial agents. This article examines the resistance of Zimbabwe's Shona population to colonial resettlement between the late 1800s and independence in 1980. But rather than focusing on landscapes of power or the mobility of indigenous people to plot politicised resistance to resettlement, I examine the way in which the musical landscapes of the Shona enabled them to resist the destructive cultural implications of resettlement. Framed within geographies of colonialism, resettlement and music, this article sets out the significance of the ancestral lands for the Shona before uncovering the way in which music enabled them to carry those lands with them to the resettlement areas, thereby preserving both culture and identity that could later be reinstated to sustain cultural nationalism during the struggle for independence.

Partout dans le monde colonial des peuples indigènes furent soumis aux projets de réimplantation extensifs qui les ont enlevés des terres de leurs ancêtres. Ces projets finirent par les séparer de leurs fondations économiques, bouleversant leurs sécurités de ressources et coupant leurs patrimoines culturels. De nombreuses études géographiques ont étudié les façons dans lesquelles les communautés indigènes se retrouvant face à la réimplantation ont transgressé l'espace colonial pour exprimer leur résistance à l'autorité des agents coloniaux. Cet article étudie la résistance du peuple Shona de Zimbabwe contre la réimplantation coloniale entre la fin du 19ème siècle et le moment d'indépendance en 1980. Au lieu pourtant de me concentrer sur les paysages de pouvoir ou la mobilité des peuples indigènes en complotant une résistance politisée contre la réimplantation, j'étudie plutôt comment les paysages musicaux leur ont fourni les moyens de résister les implications culturelles destructrices de réimplantation. Cet article s'encadre dans les géographies de colonialisme, de réimplantation, et de musique et démontre la signifiance des terres ancestrales pour les Shona avant de passer à dévoiler la façon dans laquelle la musique leur permettait de transporter ces terres avec eux aux lieux de réimplantation et préserver ainsi à la fois la culture et l'identité qui pourraient servir plus tard à fournir une base d'un nationalisme culturel pendant la lutte pour l'independence.

En todo el mundo colonial, los indígena fueron sometido a proyectos de reasentamiento extensivo que los quitaron de las tierras de sus antepasados, separándolos de sus fundaciones económicas, desbaratando su seguridad de recursos y cortando su patrimonio cultural. Muchos estudios geográficos han explorado las formas en que comunidades indígenas, enfrentando el reasentamiento, transgredían espacio colonial para expresar su resistencia de la autoridad de agentes coloniales. Este articulo se examina la resistencia de la población Shona de Zimbabue a reasentamiento colonial entre los 1800s y independencia en 1980. Pero en vez de enfocar en paisajes de poder o la movilidad de la gente indígena para tramar resistencia politizada a reasentamiento, examino la manera en que los paisajes musicales de los Shona les permite resistir las implicaciones culturales destructivas de reasentamiento. Encuadrado entre geografías de colonialismo, reasentamiento y música, este articulo expone el significativo de las tierras ancestrales para los Shona antes de destapar la manera en que la música se los permite cargar estas tierras con ellos a los áreas de reasentamiento, de ese modo preservando ambas cultura y identidad que puede ser restablecido después para sostener nacionalismo cultural durante la lucha por independencia.

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Chartwell Dutrio for sharing his experiences with me, and Heidi Scott, Rhys Jones and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on previous drafts of this article.

Notes

1 The term ‘lamellophone’ refers to an array of similar keyed instruments common in the region.

2 The Zezuru are a sub-group of the Shona who traditionally live in the area immediately surrounding Harare.

3 ‘She [Nehanda] was a spirit medium who resisted from this, from colonialism, and she was hanged and executed in 1897 before she died she said to Zimbabwean people you have to go and get a gun and come and fight’ (Dutiro Citation2008).

4 Chimurenga is the name given to the violent struggles against colonialism in Zimbabwe. The First Chimurenga includes the Ndebele war of 1893 and the Ndebele and Shona uprisings of 1896–1897.

5 A shaker used to provide rhythm which usually accompanies the mbira.

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