1,860
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Central Park against the streets: the enclosure of public space cultures in mid-nineteenth century New York

Pages 151-171 | Published online: 12 Dec 2013
 

Abstract

The industrialization of New York and its rise to economic dominance brought about a major restructuring of street life and unleashed an array of contradictory everyday urban cultures. In a still under-regulated environment, the commoning of public space became a key sociospatial capital that helped the working classes resolve their reproduction in a way the elite found disturbing and far removed from the civic order they were trying to instil. This article draws on recent theorizations of the commons/enclosure dialectic to develop a comparative analysis of the cultures of public space use vis-à-vis the practices prescribed by Central Park in its attempt to reform everyday spatialities. The park is understood here as an early episode in the project of imposing new social relations through the enclosure of public conduct—a first effort to tame the urban commons and prevent the subaltern appropriation of public space. Following a preliminary discussion of the economic and social determinants and configuration of the material cultures of public space use in Manhattan, the article studies the park's strategies as a special type of enclosure, consisting not of the usurping of common land for private profit but of the mobilization of public space to shift behaviors from one regime of publicity to another.

Central Park contra las calles: el cercamiento de las culturas del espacio pu´blico en Nueva York a mediados del siglo XIX

La industrializacio´n de Nueva York y su acenso al dominio econo´mico produjo una profunda reestructuracio´n de la vida de la calle y desato´ un contradictorio abanico de culturas cotidanas urbanas. En un contexto todavía infrarregulado, la comunalizacio´n del espacio pu´blico se convirtio´ en un capital socioespacial clave que permitía a las clases bajas resolver su reproduccio´n de un modo que la e´lite local consideraba perturbador, muy alejado del orden cívico e´stas intentaban inculcar. Este articulo se apoya en la teorizacio´n reciente de la diale´ctica de entre lo comu´n y el enclosure para desarrollar un ana´lisis comparativo de las culturas del espacio publico frente a las pra´cticas prescritas por Central Park en su intento de reformar las espacialidades cotidianas. El parque se entiende aquí como un episodio temprano en el proyecto de imponer nuevas relaciones sociales a trave´s del cercamiento de las conductas pu´blicas – un primer esfuerzo para domesticar los comunes urbanos y evitar la apropiacio´n subalterna del espacio publico. Tras una discusio´n preliminar de los determinantes econo´micos y sociales y la configuracio´n de las culturas materiales del uso de espacio publico en Manhattan, el artículo estudia las estrategias del parque como un tipo especial de enclosure, consistente no en la privatización del espacio pu´blico, sino en la instrumentalizacio´n del espacio pu´blico para transformar los comportamientos de un re´gimen de publicidad a otro.

Central Park contre la rue: La clôture des cultures de l'espace publiques à New York au mi-19ème siècle

L'industrialisation de New York et son ascension à la dominance économique a entrainé une restructuration de la vie de quartier et a déchainé un étalage de cultures urbaines quotidiennes contradictoires. Dans un environnement toujours sous-régulé, la transformation de l'espace publique en biens communs devint un capital-clé socio-spatial qui aida aux classes ouvrières à résoudre leur reproduction d'une façon que l'élite trouva inquiétant et loin de l'ordre civique qu'ils essayèrent d'inculquer. Cet article fait usage des théorisations récentes du dialectique communaux/clôture pour développer une analyse comparative des cultures de l'usage de l'espace public en vue des pratiques imposées par Central Park dans une tentative de reformer des spatialités quotidiennes. On comprend le parc ici comme une première épisode dans le projet d'imposer de nouvelles relations sociales à travers la clôture de la conduite publique – un effort dans un premier temps d'apprivoiser les communaux urbains et prévenir l'appropriation subalterne de l'espace publique. Suivant une discussion préliminaire des déterminants et des configurations économiques et sociaux des cultures matérielles de l'usage de l'espace publique à Manhattan, l'article analyse les stratégies du parc comme un type spécial de clôture qui ne consiste pas en l'usurpation des terrains communs à but lucratif privée mais plutôt la mobilisation de l'espace publique pour faire déplacer les comportements d'un régime de publicité à un autre.

Acknowledgements

This paper has benefited from discussions with Adrian Blackwell, Neil Brenner, Sonja Dümpelmann, and Jane Hutton, as well as from the rough-and-tumble spirit of Watson St. I wish to thank two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and Phil Hubbard for his attentive editorial advice.

Notes

1. For a contemporary example of this strategy in New York City, see Madden (Citation2010).

2. As made clear in this article, Amin's (Citation2008) argument is problematic: the production of public space as a depoliticized realm of civic becoming he identifies in contemporary cities was, in fact, the epitome of the nineteenth-century bourgeois approach to sociospatial order.

3. Jacobs (Citation1961: 138) provided an early attempt to associate the formation of social capital with the existence of neighborhood networks.

4. NYC police magistrate John Wyman's 1830 letter and New York Mirror article from 1831, quoted in Stansell (Citation1987: 50).

5. However, the preeminence of upper class members in the local Board of Consultants and the state Board of Commissioners (Rosenzweig and Blackmar Citation1992: 96–98) leaves no room for doubt about the leading role of the elite in the project conception. Pipkin (Citation2005) finds a deeper influence of middle class groups in later parks, which is consistent with Blumin's (Citation1989: 13) hypothesis that the middle class was only fully formed after the Civil War. See also Goheen (Citation2003).

6. Olmsted's report in the Proceedings of the Board of Commissioners of Central Park, 13 October 1857, published as an extract in the New York Tribune (Citation1857), emphasis added.

7. Quoted in Rosenzweig and Blackmar (1992: 327).

8. F. L. Olmsted, quoted in Burrows and Wallace (Citation2000: 795).

Log in via your institution

Log in to Taylor & Francis Online

PDF download + Online access

  • 48 hours access to article PDF & online version
  • Article PDF can be downloaded
  • Article PDF can be printed
USD 53.00 Add to cart

Issue Purchase

  • 30 days online access to complete issue
  • Article PDFs can be downloaded
  • Article PDFs can be printed
USD 333.00 Add to cart

* Local tax will be added as applicable

Related Research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.