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Articles

Parental death as a vital conjuncture? Intergenerational care and responsibility following bereavement in Senegal

Pages 547-570 | Published online: 14 Apr 2014
 

Abstract

This article explores the ways that parental death represents a ‘vital conjuncture’ for Serer young people that reconfigures and potentially transforms intergenerational caring responsibilities in different spatial and temporal contexts. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with young people (aged 15–27 years), family members, religious and community leaders and professionals in rural and urban Senegal, I explore young people's responses to parental death. ‘Continuing bonds’ with the deceased were expressed through memories evoked in homespace, shared family practices and gendered responsibilities to ‘take care of’ bereaved family members, to cultivate inherited farmland and to fulfil the wishes of the deceased. Parental death could reconfigure intergenerational care and lead to shifts in power dynamics, as eldest sons asserted their position of authority. While care-giving roles were associated with agency, the low social status accorded to young women's paid and unpaid domestic work undermined their efforts. The research contributes to understandings of gendered nuances in the experience of bereavement and continuing bonds and provides insight into intra-household decision-making processes, ownership and control of assets. Analysis of the culturally specific meanings of relationships and a young person's social location within hierarchies of gender, age, sibling birth order and wider socio-cultural norms and practices is needed.

¿La muerte de los padres como una coyuntura vital? El cuidado y la responsabilidad inter-generacional tras el duelo en Senegal

Este artículo explora las formas en que la muerte de los padres representa una ‘coyuntura vital’ para los jóvenes serer, la cual reconfigura y transforma potencialmente las responsabilidades del cuidado inter-generacional en diferentes contextos espaciales y temporales. A partir de entrevistas semi-estructuradas con jóvenes (15–27 años), familiares, líderes religiosos y comunitarios y profesionales en la rural y urbana Senegal, se exploran las respuestas de los jóvenes a la muerte de sus padres. ‘Vínculos continuos’ con los difuntos fueron expresados a través de recuerdos evocados en el espacio hogareño, en prácticas familiares compartidas y en responsabilidades de género para ‘cuidar de’ miembros de la familia en duelo, para cultivar tierra heredada y para cumplir los deseos de los difuntos. La muerte de los padres podría reconfigurar el cuidado inter-generacional y dar lugar a cambios en las dinámicas de poder, ya que los hijos mayores afirmaron su posición de autoridad. Mientras los roles de cuidado a otros se asociaron con el accionar, la baja condición social otorgada a las tareas domésticas remuneradas y no remuneradas de mujeres jóvenes socavó sus esfuerzos. La investigación contribuye a la comprensión de los matices de género en la experiencia de duelo y vínculos continuos y da una idea de los procesos de toma de decisiones dentro del hogar, la propiedad y el control de los bienes. Es necesario el análisis de los significados culturalmente específicos de las relaciones y la ubicación social de los jóvenes dentro de las jerarquías de género, edad, orden de nacimiento de hermanos y de normas y prácticas socioculturales más amplias.

Mort parentale comme conjoncture vitale? Garde/soins et responsabilité intergénérationnelles après le deuil au Sénégal

Cet article explore les façons dont la mort parentale représente pour les jeunes Sérères une «conjoncture vitale» qui reconfigure et a le potentiel de transformer les responsabilités intergénérationnelles desoins/garde dans différents contextes spatiaux et temporels. A partir d'entretiens partiellement structurés avec des jeunes gens (de 15 à 27 ans), des membres de famille, des chefs et des professionnels religieux et communautaires du Sénégal rural et urbain, j'explore les réponses des jeunes gens face à la mort parentale. «Des liens ininterrompus» avec les défunts ont été exprimés à travers les souvenirs évoqués dans les lieux familiaux, les pratiques familiales communes et les responsabilités sexospécifiques pour «prendre soin» des membres de la famille endeuillés, pour cultiver les terres héritées et pour exaucer les vœux des défunts. La mort parentale a reconfiguré la garde intergénérationnelle/les soins intergénérationnels et mené à un déplacement des dynamiques de pouvoir, lorsque les fils aînés ont affirmé leur position d'autorité. Alors que les rôles de prise en charge des soins étaient liés aux différentes capacités, le statut social inférieur accordé aux travaux domestiques rémunérés et non rémunérés des jeunes femmes ont sapé leurs efforts. Cette recherche contribue à la compréhension des nuances sexospécifiques concernant l'expérience du deuil et des liens ininterrompus et éclaire sur les processus de prises de décision à l'intérieur des foyers, la propriété et le contrôle des biens. Une analyse des significations culturelles spécifiques des relations et de la situation sociale d'une jeune personne dans les hiérarchies de genre, d'âge, d'ordre de naissance des frères et sœurs et des normes et pratiques socio-culturelles au sens large est nécessaire.

Acknowledgements

My thanks to Sophie Bowlby and the anonymous reviewers for their constructive feedback. I am grateful to the University of Reading and the Walker Institute for Climate Systems Research for funding the research in Senegal. I wish to thank all the research participants who so willingly shared their experiences and views and those who helped to facilitate the research. I am particularly grateful to Baba Sarr, Fatou Kébé, Prosper Diene Faye, Khady Sarr, Soguy Ndiaye and Yacine Diagne for their assistance with the research, and for interpreting, transcribing and translating the interviews.

Notes

1. I recognise that the concept of ‘bereavement’ itself is problematic and difficult to translate in cross-cultural research because it is strongly rooted within Western psychological and medical perspectives (Klass Citation1999; Ribbens McCarthy Citation2007).

2. Adult HIV prevalence rates are estimated to be 0.7 per cent of the population (aged 15–49 years) in Senegal in 2011 (UNAIDS Citation2012).

3. The relationship between a grandparent and grandchild is considered particularly close, affectionate and joking in nature among the Serer; grandparents may treat grandchildren and overlook behaviour that their parents would punish.

4. As in many other African countries and in common with other ethnic groups in Senegal, the Serer very rarely expressed their wishes for inheritance in a written or verbal will.

5. The French verb ‘se débrouiller’ [to manage, to cope with] was often used in interviews to refer to the way that people struggled, coped and managed despite the financial pressures they were under. This phrase has been noted in other francophone African contexts (Waage Citation2006), while the equivalent English phrase, ‘managing’, or ‘getting by’ is also common in anglophone African countries (Evans Citation2011; Langevang Citation2008). The phrase refers to ‘having and using the skill to improvise from available resources and to adjust one's strategies in response to the opportunities and constraints that arise with time’ (Langevang Citation2008: 2045).

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