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Articles

Disabilities, urban natures and children’s outdoor play

Handicaps, natures urbaines et jeux de plein air pour les enfants

La discapacidad, las naturalezas urbanas y el juego al aire libre para los niños

Pages 1152-1174 | Received 06 Jul 2015, Accepted 30 Aug 2016, Published online: 01 Nov 2016
 

Abstract

Normative, widely circulated discourses about the value of outdoor, natural play for children overwhelmingly marginalize the experiences of families with disabled children, who can often experience outdoor/natural play as a site of hard work, heartache, dread, resignation and inadequacy. This paper presents findings from research with 60 North London families with children aged 5–16 who have a statutory ‘Statement of Special Needs’. Focusing on these families’ experiences of visiting designated, newly refurbished accessible natural play-spaces in two local country parks, the paper highlights: (i) the multiple, compound social-material ‘barriers to fun’ encountered in these spaces; (ii) the profound emotional-affective impacts of such barriers, most notably in terms of feelings of ‘resignation’ and ‘dread’; (iii) parents’/carers’ sadness occasioned by perceived ‘failures’ to ‘live up to’ normative ideals of parenting and family engagement with outdoor play and urban natures; (iv) nevertheless, the possibility of moments of family joy, love and ‘special’ time, afforded via families’ ‘hard work’ and ‘keeping going through hard times’. Through an engagement with recent conceptualizations of everyday geographies of disabilities, the paper suggests that these qualitative experiences complicate some chief, normative ways of knowing outdoor play, urban natures and barriers to accessibility.

Résumé

Le discours normatif de notoriété publique sur les bienfaits du jeu naturel en plein air pour les enfants marginalise extrêmement les expériences des familles qui ont des enfants handicapés et pour qui le jeu naturel/en plein air peut être caractérisé en tant que lieu de difficulté, de chagrin, d’appréhension, de résignation et d’impuissance. Cet article présente les résultats de la recherche auprès de soixante familles du nord de Londres avec des enfants âgés entre 5 et 16 ans qui sont officiellement « déclarés comme ayant des besoins spéciaux ». En se concentrant sur les expériences de ces familles lors de leurs visites d’aires de jeux naturelles spécifiques, accessibles et réaménagées dans deux parcs de quartier, l’article souligne : (i) les nombreuses « barrières à l’amusement » à la fois sociales et matérielles rencontrées dans ces espaces, (ii) l’effet émotionnel-affectif profond de telles barrières, en particulier en termes de sentiments de « résignation » et « d’appréhension », (iii) la tristesse des parents/tuteurs occasionnée par les « échecs » perçus « d’être à la hauteur » d’idéaux normatifs de compétence parentale ou de responsabilité familiale face aux jeux de plein air et aux natures urbaines, (iv) avec toutefois la possibilité de moments de joie familiale, d’amour et de moments « spéciaux » obtenus grâce aux « durs efforts » des familles et à leur capacité de « faire face dans les moments difficiles ». A travers une utilisation des conceptualisations récentes des géographies quotidiennes du handicap, cet article suggère que ces expériences qualitatives compliquent certaines façons normatives principales de connaître les jeux de plein air, les natures urbaines et les barrières à l’accessibilité.

Resumen

Los discursos normativos y de gran circulación sobre el valor de los juegos naturales y al aire libre para los niños marginan abrumadoramente a las experiencias de las familias con niños discapacitados, para quienes el juego al aire libre/natural puede ser caracterizado como un sitio de trabajo duro, angustia, miedo, resignación e insuficiencia. Este documento presenta los resultados de una investigación con sesenta familias del norte de Londres con niños de entre 5 y 16 años que han sido declarados con ‘necesidades especiales’. Centrándose en las experiencias de estas familias al visitar lugares de juego designados, recientemente reformados y accesibles en dos parques locales del país, el documento destaca: (i) las múltiples, compuestas y socio-materiales ‘barreras a la diversión’ encontradas en estos espacios; (ii) el impacto profundo y emocional-afectivo de estas barreras, sobre todo en términos de sentimientos de ‘resignación’ y ‘miedo’; (iii) la tristeza de los padres/cuidadores ocasionada por el ‘fracaso’ percibido al tratar de estar ‘a la altura’ de los ideales normativos de la crianza y el compromiso de la familia con juegos al aire libre y naturalezas urbanas; (iv), sin embargo, la posibilidad de momentos de alegría, amor y tiempo ‘especial’ en la familia estuvieron al alcance a través del ‘duro trabajo’ y la idea de ‘seguir luchando en tiempos difíciles’ de las familias. A través de un compromiso con las recientes conceptualizaciones de geografías cotidianas de discapacidad, el documento sugiere que estas experiencias cualitativas complican algunas formas principales y normativas de conocer los juegos al aire libre, las naturalezas urbanas y las barreras a la accesibilidad.

Acknowledgement

I am grateful for the support of Richard Davey and Michelle Pyer who assisted with field research in schools and youth groups, and Peter Kraftl who was co-investigator on the wider project of which this research was part. I am grateful to David Conradson and three anonymous referees for generous and helpful feedback on an earlier draft.

Notes

1. To protect participants’ identities, names of all locations have been anonymized throughout the paper. Qualitative data have also been edited to remove individually or locationally identifying information.

2. In addition to research reported here, the project also entailed: Borough-wide consultation with 1200 5–13-year-olds; a mapping exercise with 360 children and a photography project with 180 children; a survey of 250 parents/carers of children in the Borough; interviews with 28 key workers in the Borough’s play and children’s services sectors; site visits and environmental audits of outdoor playspaces.

3. These definitions, and the statutory processes, mechanisms, duties and assessments which constitute them, derive from the UK Education Act 1996 (HMSO 1996) and subsequent guidance (DfES, Citation2001, Citation2003). While these terms were current – and actively mobilized by parents, carers, policy-makers and practitioners – during the research project, note that this legal and definitional framework was revised in January 2015 (Department for Education/Department of Health [DfE/DoH], Citation2015).

4. Formal informed consent was acquired from both children and parents/carers for the interview activities. Introductory letters, consent documents and all research materials were prepared in four languages. After Pyer (Citation2009) a range of consent materials were available, to support the inclusion of children with diverse communicative styles. School/playscheme staff reserved – and in a small number of cases invoked – a right to ‘veto’ consent because of ongoing family safeguarding issues, challenging circumstances or concerns over children or parents’/carers’ capacity to meaningfully consent.

5. Quotations in this paragraph are taken verbatim from planning visioning and application documents for the two sites.

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