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Research Articles

Bala ga’ lili: communicating, relating and co-creating balance through relationships of reciprocity

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Pages 1203-1223 | Received 11 Jul 2020, Accepted 24 Oct 2021, Published online: 17 Mar 2022
 

ABSTRACT

Intercultural communication at Bawaka often brings ŋäpaki, non-Indigenous visitors, into a series of new relationships – with Yolŋu people, with each other, with place, and with themselves. From a Bawaka Yolŋu ontology, this is part of bala ga’ lili, giving and taking, co-creating balance through relationships of reciprocity and responsibility. This paper is a collaboratively written piece by Yolŋu hosts and non-Yolŋu academics as part of Bawaka Country and reflects our own efforts at embodying bala ga’ lili. It considers how visitors to Bawaka come into relationship with themselves, their hosts, each other, and place. It discusses the opportunities and limitations of these relationships and emphasizes the importance of multi-directional, embodied, more-than-human communication. Through an analysis of a student fieldtrip and discussion of Yolŋu hosts’ expectations and aspirations, it argues that with communication and the formation of new relationships comes responsibilities to translate new understandings across time and place, assisting with the important, although only ever incompletely possible, work of breaking unjust systems and contributing to more just and sustainable processes and outcomes.

Resumen

La comunicación intercultural en Bawaka a menudo lleva a los ŋäpaki, visitantes no indígenas, a una serie de nuevas relaciones: con el pueblo Yolŋu, entre ellos, con el lugar y consigo mismos. Desde una ontología Bawaka Yolŋu, esto es parte del bala ga’ lili, dar y recibir, co-creando equilibrio a través de relaciones de reciprocidad y responsabilidad. Este artículo es una pieza colaborativa, escrita por anfitriones de Yolŋu y académicos que no pertenecen a Yolŋu como parte del país Bawaka, y refleja nuestros propios esfuerzos para articular el bala ga ‘lili. El artículo considera cómo los visitantes de Bawaka se relacionan consigo mismos, con sus anfitriones, entre ellos y con el lugar. Además, discute las oportunidades y limitaciones de estas relaciones y enfatiza la importancia de la comunicación multidireccional, articulada y más que humana. A través del análisis de una excursión estudiantil y una discusión de las expectativas y aspiraciones de los anfitriones de Yolŋu, se argumenta que con la comunicación y la formación de nuevas relaciones vienen las responsabilidades de traducir nuevos entendimientos a través del tiempo y el lugar, impulsando lo que es importante, aunque posible solo de manera incompleta, trabajando para romper sistemas injustos y contribuyendo a procesos y resultados más justos y sostenibles.

Résumé

La communication interculturelle à Bawaka amène souvent les visiteurs non indigènes, les « ŋäpaki », face à une série de nouvelles relations: avec les Yolŋus, entre eux, avec le lieu, et avec eux-mêmes. Du point de vue ontologique, pour les Yolŋus de Bawaka, cela s’inscrit dans le bala ga’ lili, donner et offrir, co-créer un équilibre entre les rapports de réciprocité et de responsabilité. Cet article est le fruit d’une collaboration dans le cadre de la terre du Bawaka entre les hôtesYolŋus et des chercheurs qui ne sont pas Yolŋus et il reflète nos propres efforts pour concrétiser le bala ga’ lili. Il examine la manière dont les personnes qui visitent Bawaka entrent en relation avec elles-mêmes, avec leurs hôtes, entre elles et avec le lieu. Il présente les opportunités et les limites de ces rapports et met en valeur l’importance de la communication multidirectionnelle, concrète et plus-qu’humaine. À travers l’analyse d’une étude sur le terrain faite par des étudiants et un débat sur les attentes et les aspirations des hôtes Yolnu, il soutient que la communication et la création de nouvelles relations viennent accompagnées de responsabilités pour traduire les nouvelles connaissances à travers le temps et le lieu. Tout ceci assiste dans la tâche importante de démolir les systèmes injustes et de contribuer à des processus et des résultats plus équitables et plus durables, bien qu’accomplir celle-ci ne soit que partiellement possible.

Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge Djawa Burarrwanga, Rrawun Maymuru and the 2016 students for their generous sharing of knowledge and experience.

This research has the approval of the University of Newcastle Human Research Ethics Committee. Reference no. H-161-1205.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

1. A troopie (short for ‘troop carrier’) is a four-wheel drive vehicle.

2. Adoption is a generous act and powerful assertion of Yolŋu Law which purposefully draws non-Yolŋu into defined familial relationships – ensuring no one is a stranger and explicitly setting protocols, roles and responsibilities (for further discussion of the complexities involved in Yolŋu knowledge sharing practices see, (Christie (Citation2006) and Bow et al. (Citation2020)).

3. For a fuller discussion of the way the Collective works together, including ethical imperatives around Indigenous and non-Indigenous research collaboration see Burarrwanga et al. Citation2019; Bawaka CountryCitation2020a, Bawaka CountryCitation2020b. For a broader discussion see Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Citation2015; Donald Citation2012; Kwaymullina Citation2016; Smith Citation2012.

4. The following authors were at Bawaka with the students during their field trip – Ritjilili, Djawundil, Sandie, Lara and Laura.

5. Dhuwa and Yirritja are the two Yolŋu moieties (or halves) that together balance and make up the universe (see, Burarrwanga et al., Citation2019).

6. Mälk is a system of shared names/identities that place Yolŋu within a patterned, recursive network of kinship and belonging (see, Burarrwanga et al., Citation2019).

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Australian Research Council [DP190102202,; FT160100353].

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