The European Union and Kaliningrad: Taking the Low Road

Abstract

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Notes

1. P. Aalto, ‘EU, Russia and the Kaliningrad Question’, Geopolitics 7/3 (Winter 2002) pp. 143–174.

2. Ibid., p. 148.

3. P. Hanks (ed.), Collins Dictionary of the English Language (London & Glasgow: Collins 1979) p. 482.

4. Ibid., p. 509. For a detailed treatment of the enclave/exclave complexities, especially as they relate to Kaliningrad, see E. Y. Vinokurov, ‘The Enclave-Specific Vulnerability of Kaliningrad’, in K. Liuhto (ed.), Kaliningrad 2020: Its Future Competitiveness and Role in the Baltic Sea Economic Region (Turku: Pan-European Institute 2005) pp. 56–74.

5. S. Nies, ‘Ach, Kaliningrad. Eine ungewöhnlich gewöhnliche Enklave’, Osteuropa 53/2–3 (2003) pp. 398–402.

6. For example see A. Sergounin, ‘Russia and the Challenges of Regional Cooperation in Northern Europe’, in C. Browning (ed.), Remaking Europe in the Margins. Northern Europe after the Enlargements (Aldershot: Ashgate 2005) pp. 105–121.

7. C. Browning, ‘The Internal/External Security Paradox and the Reconstruction of Boundaries in the Baltic: The Case of Kaliningrad’, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 28 (2003) pp. 545–581.

8. P. Aalto, European Union and the Making of a Wider Northern Europe (Routledge: London and New York 2006) Chapter 8.

9. C. Patten, ‘Russia's Hell-Hole Enclave’, The Guardian, 7 April 2001.

10. A. Sergounin, ‘EU Enlargement and Kaliningrad: The Russian Perspective’, in L. D. Fairlie and A. Sergounin (eds.), Are Borders Barriers? EU Enlargement and the Russian Region of Kaliningrad (Helsinki and Berlin: The Finnish Institute of International Affairs and Institut für Europäische Politik 2001) pp. 144–149.

11. Patten (note 9). See also European Parliament, Report on Lithuania's Membership Application to the European Union and the State of Negotiations. Final A5–0240/2000 (Brussels: European Parliament 2000) pp. 13–15.

12. See Sergounin, ‘EU Enlargement’ (note 10).

13. Aalto, European Union (note 8) pp. 132–134.

14. European Parliament, Kaliningrad (Königsberg), a Russian Exclave in the Baltic Region: Situation and Outlook from a European Viewpoint, EP-Report: A3–0036/94 (Brussels: mimeo 1994).

15. Ibid.

16. Ibid.

17. See E. Männik, ‘The Security Situation in Northern Europe after the Cold War’, in C. Archer (ed.), New Security Issues in Northern Europe (London & New York: Routledge 2008) pp. 17–23.

18. Commission of the European Communities, ‘Communication from the European Commission: Baltic Sea Region Initiative’, available at <http://www.cbss.st/documents/euand_baltic_region/balticseainitiative/>, accessed 14 Oct. 2008.

19. European Parliament, Report on Lithuania's Membership (note 11) p. 13.

20. Ibid., pp. 14–15.

21. Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Kaliningrad: Baggrund om regionen Kaliningrad, herunder økonomisk og samfundsmæssig udvikling samt forholdet til EU og Danmark [Kaliningrad: Background of the Kaliningrad region, including economic and societal development and its relations to the EU and Denmark], (Copenhagen: Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2007), available at <http://www.um.dk/da/menu/Udenrigspolitik/LandeOgRegioner/Europa/Rusland/Kaliningrad/Kaliningrad.htm>, accessed 6 Oct. 2008.

22. See Commission of the European Communities, Communication from the Commission to the Council: The EU and Kaliningrad, 17 January 2001, COM (2002)26 Final, p. 20, available at <http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/north_dim/doc/com2001_0026en01.pdf>, accessed 6 Oct. 2008.

23. D. M. Park and M. Kornfehl (eds.), Baltic Sea Region brief: Advancing Baltic Sea Region Cooperation 1998–1999. A Selection of Speeches, Joint Statements, Communiques, and Treaties (Stockholm: Embassy of the United States of America 1999).

24. J. Solana, ‘Enlargement of the European Union – Opportunity or Threat?’, speech on the Occasion of the Ninth “European Lecture” by Dr. Javier Solana Madariaga, EU High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy, Utrecht Theatre, 19 June 2001, available at <http://www.consilium.europa.eu/cms3_applications/applications/solana/details.asp?cmsid=335&lang=EN&docId=66956&insite=1>, accessed 8 April 2008.

25. Commission of the European Communities, Communication from the Commission to the Council: The EU and Kaliningrad, Brussels, 17 January 2001, COM (2002)26 Final, p. 2, available at <http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/north_dim/doc/com2001_0026en01.pdf>, accessed 7 April 2008.

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid., pp. 3, 4, 8.

28. Commission of the European Communities, ‘Northern Dimension and Co-operation in the Baltic Sea Area’, Speech by the Rt Hon Chris Patten, Overseas Club and ‘Pro Baltica’ with Hamburg Mayor O. Runde and Finnish FM E. Tuomioja, Dresdner Bank – Hamburg, 6 June 2001, SPEECH/01/260, available at <http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/news/patten/sp01_260.htm>, accessed 7 April 2008.

29. C. Patten and A. Lindh, ‘The Northern Dimension of EU Foreign Policy: From Words to Action’, Financial Times, 20 Dec. 2000.

30. For details of the issues involved, see I. Oldberg, Kaliningrad: Russian Exclave, European Enclave. FOI-R--0134—SE (Stockholm: Swedish Defence Research Agency June 2001) pp. 43–48.

31. See Vinokurov (note 4) p. 67.

32. G. Verheugen, Speech in the Parliament of the Republic of Lithuania, Seimas: The Eastern Dimension, 24 April 2004 (mimeo).

33. Commission of the European Communities, Commissioner Ferrero-Waldner to Visit Kaliningrad 11–12 October 2007, Press Release, IP/07/1485, available at <http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/1485&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en>, (accessed 9 Oct. 2008).

34. Ibid.

35. Commission of the European Communities, Commissioner Ferrero-Waldner to Visit Kaliningrad 28^th February 2006, Press Release, IP/06/233, 27/02/2006, available at <http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/06/233&format=HTML&aged=1&language=EN&guiLanguage=en>, accessed 9 Oct. 2008.

36. Commission of the European Communities, EU-Russia Common Spaces Progress Report 2007, Brussels, pp. 11, 17, 31, available at <http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/russia/russia_docs/commonspaces_prog_report2007.pdf>, accessed 14 April 2008.

37. Commission of the European Communities, Commissioner to Visit Kaliningrad 11–12 October (note 33).

38. Ibid.

39. Commission of the European Communities, EU Support to Kaliningrad, Brussels, available at <http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/north_dim/kalin/index.htm>, accessed 14 April 2008.

40. Commission of the European Communities, EU-Russia Common Spaces (note 36) p. 13. See also Commission of the European Communities, EU Support to Kaliningrad (note 39).

41. Commission of the European Communities, EU Russia Common Spaces, Sept. 2008, available at <http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/russia/common_spaces/index_en.htm>, accessed 9 Oct. 2008.

42. Commission of the European Communities, Common Spaces Road Map, available at <http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/russia/docs/roadmap_economic_en.pdf>, accessed 9 Oct. 2008.

43. Council of the European Union, Joint Statement of the EU-Russia Summit on the Launch of Negotiations for a New EU-Russia Agreement, Khanty-Mansiysk, 27 June 2008, 11214/08, Presse 192, available at <http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/er/101524.pdf>, accessed 9 Oct. 2008.

44. Commission of the European Communities, EU-Russia: The First Round of Negotiations for the New Agreement Brussels, 3 July 2008, available at <http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction. do?reference=IP/08/1099&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en> accessed 9 Oct. 2008.

45. L. Harding, ‘Russia Scraps Plan to Deploy Nuclear-Capable Missiles in Kaliningrad’, The Guardian, 28 Jan. 2009.

46. Council of the European Union, Extraordinary European Council, Brussels, 1 September 2008 Presidency Conclusions, 12594/2/08 Rev 2, p. 1, available at <http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/102545.pdf>, accessed 9 Oct. 2008.

47. Ibid., p. 4.

48. Commission of the European Communities, External Relations Northern Dimension, October 2007, available at <http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/north_dim/index.htm>, accessed 9 Oct. 2008.

49. N. Catellani, ‘Outlining the Northern Dimension: Toward Regional Co-operation in Northern Europe’, in N. Catellani, and A. Missiroli, The European Union's Northern Dimension (Rome: Laboratoria CeSPI 2000) available at <http://cespi.it/Laboratorio/Lab_1=2000.pdf>, accessed 20 Feb. 2008.

50. Commission of the European Communities, Commission Working Document: The Second Northern Dimension Action Plan 2004–2006, COM(2003) 343 Final, available at <http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/north_dim/ndap/ap2.pdf>, accessed on 10 Oct. 2008.

51. Ibid., p. 13.

52. Ibid., p. 14.

53. Ibid.

54. Commission of the European Communities, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Sweden, with the Participation of Belarus, Norway and the Russian Federation – Operational Programme 2007–2013: Baltic Sea Region Programme 2007–2013, available at <http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/08/590&format=PDF&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en>, accessed 10 Oct. 2008.

55. C. Archer, ‘Introduction’, in C. Archer (ed.), The Northern Dimension of the European Union: Glancing Back, Looking Forward (Kaunas: Technologija 2007) p. 8.

56. Republic of Finland, Finland's EU Presidency 2006 Northern Dimension Policy Framework Document, available at <http://www.eu2006.fi/news_and_documents/other_documents/vko47/en_GB/1164359527520/>, accessed 20 Feb. 2008.

57. Ibid.

58. Commission of the European Communities, National Indicative Programme, Russian Federation 2004–6 (Brussels: Commission of the European Communities 2003).

59. P. Van Elsuwege, ‘The Common Spaces in EU-Russia relations and the Future of the Northern Dimension’, in C. Archer (ed.), The Northern Dimension of the European Union: Glancing Back, Looking Forward (Kaunas: Technologija 2007) pp. 44–45.

60. H. Birckenbach and C. Wellmann, ‘Managing Asymmetric Interdependence: A Comparative Approach on the Kaliningrad Policies of Core Actors’, in K. Liuhto (ed.), Kaliningrad 2020: Its Future Competitiveness and Role in the Baltic Sea Economic Region (Turku: Pan-European Institute 2005) pp. 5–40.

61. Cited in S. Medvedev and A. Ignatyev, ‘Kaliningrad as a Pilot Region in the EU-Russia Relations: Scenario Exercise’, in K. Liuhto (ed.), Kaliningrad 2020: Its Future Competitiveness and Role in the Baltic Sea Economic Region (Turku: Pan-European Institute 2005) p. 158.

62. V. N. Knyaginin, Russian Exclave: Basic Scenarios of the Kaliningrad Oblast’ Socio-Economic Development (St. Petersburg: Center for Strategic Research “North-West” 2006).