Sleep quality and the problems in smokers and nonsmokers: a comparative study

ABSTRACT

Objective: Sleep quality and risk of sleep apnea in smokers and nonsmokers living in Kermanshah province-Iran were compared.

Methods: Based on the statistics available at Kermanshah Health Center, 50 different clusters of the city were selected randomly. Then, eight to 13 subjects in age range of 20 to 60 were selected from each cluster according to the inclusion criteria of the study (n = 390, two groups of 195 subjects). The subjects were assessed using the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) and the Berlin questionnaire (BQ).

Results: There was a significant difference in terms of mental sleep quality, sleep problems, taking sleeping pills, and low performance throughout the day between the smokers and nonsmokers (P < .05). Sleep quality was not good in smokers, and they had a significantly higher snoring and drowsiness in comparison with nonsmokers (P < .05). Furthermore, sleep apnea was significantly higher in the smokers (P < .05). The findings also revealed that consuming more than 10 cigarettes in a day reduced sleep quality and increased obstructive sleep apnea (P < .05).

Conclusion: The results showed that cigarette smoking leads to respiratory problems and lower sleep quality.

KEYWORDS:

• Sleep problems
• smoking
• pittsburg
• sleep quality

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The ethical considerations including the principles of confidentiality of information, obtaining written and informed consent for participating in the study, publication ethics, and free withdraw from the research at any time were observed. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS.REC 97.161).

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences [3005216].