Introduction: football in Asia

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Acknowledgement

I would like to thank Boria Majumdar for inspring and supporting this project, and Eunha Koh for sharing the thoughts for the project. This work was supported by Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Research Fund.

Notes

1. Little, ‘Sports History’, 176.

2. Giulianotti and Robertson, ‘Introduction’, 108.

3. For more detailed discussion on the implications of modern sports in Asia, please refer to the special issue on ‘Modern Sports in Asia’ in Sport in Society, and its introduction by Cho and Leary (2012).

4. Guiliannotti (1999) explains that football underwent rationalization and seculization in Britain and began to expand during the late nineteenth century via trade connections and imperial links.

5. Guttmann, Games and Empires, 1–2.

6. Appadurai, Modernity at Large; Mangan, ‘Prologue’ and Cho and Leary, ‘Introduction’.

7. Mangan, ‘Prologue’, 2002.

8. Appadurai (1996) illustrates a similar pattern in exploring the sport of cricket in India: In India, cricket worked as an instrument of elite formation.

9. Lin and Lee, ‘Sport as a Medium’.

10. Guttman, ‘Games and Empires’.

11. Cho and Charley, ‘Introduction’, 1325–6.

12. Little, ‘Sports History’, 186.

13. Cha, Beyond the Final Score, 23. While suggesting that ‘sport acts as an outlet for pent-up historical resentment’, Cha adds that ‘Japan’s imperial past in Asia causes most former colonies to view every contest with Japan as a historical grudge match’ (Ibid., 25).

14. Mangan, ‘Prologue’, 6.

15. Cho, ‘Broadcasting’; Hong, ‘Epilogue’; Miller et al., Globalization and Sport. Hong similarly suggests that ‘the desire of international organizations to conquer new markets has brought a new version of the internationalization of sport to the Asian world’ (2002, 403).

16. Markovits and Hellerman, Offside.

17. Guiliannotti uses the term ‘soccerscape’ to ‘refer to the geo-cultural circulation of football’s constituent parts: players and coaches, fans and officials, goods and services, or information and artifacts’ (1999, 24).

18. Horne and Manzenreiter, ‘Football, Culture, Globalization’, 11.

19. Guttmann and Thompson, Japanese Sports.

20. Miller et al., Globalization and Sport. By tracking the relationship of sports to globalization, they discern five processes: Globalization, Governmentalization, Americanization, Televisualization, and Commodification (GGATaC). They further suggest that GGATaC are governed by the NICL. Ultimately, they argue that the global sports complex via GGATaC and the NICL is ‘against the singular phenomenon of globalization’ (2001, 8).

21. Little, ‘Sports History’, 173.

22. Cho et al., ‘Introduction’, 421.

23. Kelly, ‘Asia Pride’.

24. Ang, ‘Australia, China’, 129.

25. Ang, The Cultural Intimacy, 305.

26. Ang, ‘Australia, China’ and Cho, ‘Desperately Seeking’.

27. Ang, ‘Australia, China’. Similarly, Ang suggests that whether or not Australia is part of Asia ‘would grow out of the complex web of actual interconnections between Australia and different parts of Asia through the myriad human interactions which make societies work’ (2010, 135).

28. Duara, ‘Asia Redux’.

29. Duara, ‘Asia Redux’. Duara suggests that the Asian financial crisis seems to have awakened the states with the reality of regional networks and the attention on regional cooperation.

30. Cha, Beyond the Final Score, 27.

31. For a detailed discussion, refer to a special issue on ‘glocalization of sports in Asia’ in the Sociology of Sport Journal, co-edited by Cho et al. (2012). For the development of the term glocalization in Asian sports, refer to Guiliannotti and Robertson’s article in the same issue.

32. Guiliannoti and Robertson, ‘Glocalization and Sport in Asia’, 443.

33. Ben-Porat and Ben-Porat, ‘(Un)Bounded Soccer’, 434. Also, see Kobayashi’s research on corporate nationalism and glocalization of Nike advertising in Asia (2012), and Satoshi’s research on ‘Beckham fever’ among Japanese identity since the 2002 World Cup (2004).