The spillover effect from FDI in the English Premier League

Abstract

Using data of 1992–2012, this paper considers the spillover effects resulting from the increased flow of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) into the English Premier League focusing, in particular, on competitive balance, measures of football productivity and intrafootball spillovers. Results indicate that not only has the competitive balance in football been reduced but that overseas investment has impacted both upon the productivity of the clubs under foreign ownership and those which continue under domestic ownership. The empirical contribution of this paper indicates the relevance and importance of both spillover and FDI theory to that of the football industry.

Notes

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47. Ibid.

48. Buraimo, Simmons and Szymanski, ‘English Football’, 29–46.

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52. Ibid.

53. Kuper and Szymanski, Soccernomics.

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69. Blomstrom and kokko, ‘Multinational Corporations and Spillovers’, 247–77.

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82. Michie and Oughton, ‘Competitive Balance in English Football’.

83. Ibid.

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85. Ibid.

86. Ibid.

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90. Ibid.

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92. Barros and Leach, ‘Analysing the Performance of the English F.A. Premier League with an econometric frontier model’, 391–407.

93. Ibid.

94. Ibid.

95. Dawson, Dobson and Gerrard, ‘Stochastic Frontier and the Temporal Structure of Managerial Efficiency in English Soccer’, 341–62.

96. Barros, Garcia-del-Barrio and Leach, ‘Analysing the Technical Efficiency of the Spanish League First Division with a Random Frontier Model’, 3239–47.

97. Ibid.

98. Barros and Leach, ‘Analysing the Performance of the English F.A. Premier League with an Econometric Frontier Model’, 391–407.

99. Deloitte and Touche, Annual Review of Football Finance, 2012.

100. Tomkins, Riley and Fulcher, Pay as You Play.

101. Szymanski and Smith, ‘The English Football Industry’, 135–53.

102. Michie and Oughton, ‘Competitive Balance in English Football’.

103. Neale, ‘The Peculiar Economics of Professional Sports’, 1–14.

104. Michie and Oughton, ‘Competitive Balance in English Football’.

105. Peeters, Competitive Balance in European Football League, http://Football Perspectives, (accessed March 2013).

106. Michie and Oughton, ‘Competitive Balance in English Football’.

107. Gossens, ‘Competitive Balance in European Football’, 78–122.

108. Szymanski, ‘Income Inequality, Competitive Balance and the Attractiveness of Team Sports’, 69–84.

109. Michie and Oughton, ‘Competitive Balance in English Football’.

110. Ibid.

111. Deloitte and Touche, Annual Review of Football Finance, 2007.

112. Driffield, ‘The Impact on Domestic Productivity of Inward Investment into the UK’, 103–19.

113. Mullen and Williams, ‘Foreign Direct Investment and Regional Productivity Spillovers in US Manufacturing’, 185–96.

114. Javorcik, ‘Does Foreign Direct Investment Increase the Productivity of Domestic Firms?’, 605–27.

115. Deloitte and Touche, Annual Review of Football Finance, 2011.

116. Blomstrom and kokko, ‘Multinational Corporations and Spillovers’, 247–77.

117. Girma, Greenaway and Wakelin, ‘Who Benefits from Foreign Direct Investment in the UK?’, 119–33.

118. Lipsey and Sjöholm, ‘The Impact of Inward FDI on Host Countries’ in Does foreign direct investment promote development? M. Blomström, T.H. Moran, and E.M. Graham, 23–45.

119. Girma, Greenaway and Wakelin, ‘Who benefits from Foreign Direct Investment in the UK?’, 119–33.

120. Lipsey and Sjöholm, ‘The Impact of Inward FDI on Host Countries’ in Does foreign direct investment promote development? M. Blomström, T.H. Moran, and E.M. Graham, 23–45.

121. Girma, Greenaway and Wakelin, ‘Who benefits from Foreign Direct Investment in the UK?’, 119–33.

122. Bougheas and Downward, ‘The Economics of Professional Sports Leagues’, 87–107.

123. Lago, Simmons and Szymanski, ‘The Financial Crisis in European Football’, 3–12.

124. Tomkins, Riley and Fulcher, Pay as You Play.

125. Lago, Simmons and Szymanski, ‘The Financial Crisis in European Football’, 3–12.

126. Haskel, Pereira and Slaughter, ‘Does Inward Foreign Direct Investment Boost the Productivity of Domestic Firms?’, 482–96.