Abstract
In an era when many traditional football fans feel increasingly alienated from corporate ownership and commercial imperatives, sites of resistance are emerging whereby football fans seek to empower themselves and increase their influence. Few fans rival those of FC Sankt Pauli for autonomous organization which has empowered them to create an authentic vibrant democratic culture which holds great influence over their club. But this empowerment has also led them to extend their influence beyond their own club and beyond football itself. This article based on years of research with Sankt Pauli fan activists reveals how the fans are cohesively organized, autonomously, bottom-up and non-hierarchically, how that gives rise to prolific community action, and how that in turn empowers the community in a transformational and sustainable way.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.
Notes
1. Hylton and Totten, ‘Community Sport Development’.
2. Department for Communities and Local Government, ‘The Community Development Challenge’, 13.
3. Hylton and Totten, ‘Community Sport Development’.
4. SCCD, Strategic Framework for Community Development.
5. See Griggs, ‘Carlsberg don’t Make Football Teams … But If They did’; Merkel, ‘Football Fans and Clubs in Germany: Conflicts, Crises and Compromises’; W. McDougall, ‘Kicking from the Left: The Friendship of Celtic and FC St. Pauli Supporters’; and Daniel and Kassimeris, ‘The Politics and Culture of FC St. Pauli: From Leftism, through Anti-establishment, to Commercialization’.
6. Montague, ‘Punks, Prostitutes and St Pauli; Inside Soccer’s Coolest Club’.
7. Davidson, Pirates, Punks & Politics.
8. Sanderson, ‘Nie wieder Faschismus, Nie wieder Krieg, Nie wieder 3. Liga!’.
9. Totten, ‘Sport Activism and Political Praxis within the FC Sankt Pauli Fan Subculture’, 12.
10. Long, ‘Leisure as a Tool for Community Development and the Opiate of the Masses’.
11. Dart, ‘Representations of Sport in the Revolutionary Socialist Press in Britain, 1988–2012’.
12. Kennedy, ‘Left Wing Supporter Movements and the Political Economy of Football’.
13. Blackshaw and Long, ‘What’s the Big Idea? A Critical Exploration of the Concept of Social Capital and its Incorporation into Leisure Policy Discourse’; and Coalter, A Wider Role for Sport. Who’s Keeping the Score?
14. Hylton and Totten, ‘Community Sport Development’.
15. Williams, Marxism and Literature.
16. Bennett, Popular Culture: History and Theory, Popular Culture: Themes and Issues 2.
17. See Sanderson, ‘Nie wieder Faschismus, Nie wieder Krieg, Nie wieder 3. Liga!’; Totten, ‘Freedom through Football; A Tale of Football, Community, Activism and Resistance’; and Merkel, ‘Football Fans and Clubs in Germany: Conflicts, Crises and Compromises’.
18. Baird, ‘The Beauty of Big Democracy’.
19. Giroux, Youth in a Suspect Society; Democracy or Disposability.
20. Kaufman and Wolff, ‘Playing and Protesting: Sport as a Vehicle for Social Change’.
21. See Sanderson, ‘Nie wieder Faschismus, Nie wieder Krieg, Nie wieder 3. Liga!’; Kuhn, Soccer versus the State; and Davidson, Pirates, Punks & Politics.
22. Totten, ‘Sport Activism and Political Praxis within the FC Sankt Pauli Fan Subculture’.
23. Batliwala, ‘The Meaning of Women’s Empowerment: New Concepts from Action’.
24. Partington and Totten, ‘Community Sports Projects and Effective Community Empowerment’.
25. See Bolton, Fleming, and Elias, ‘The Experience of Community Sport Development’; and Sugden and Tomlinson, ‘Theory and Method for a Critical Sociology of Sport’.
26. Schuftan, ‘The Community Development Dilemma: What is Really Empowering?’, 260.
27. Hylton and Totten, ‘Community Sport Development’, 86.
28. Hylton and Totten, ‘Community Sport Development’.
29. Freire, ‘Pedagogy of the Heart’, 73.
30. Ledwith, Community Development: A Critical Approach.
31. SCCD, Strategic Framework for Community Development.
32. Totten, ‘Sport Activism and Political Praxis within the FC Sankt Pauli Fan Subculture’.
33. Totten, ‘Fan Power: Calling the Shots; Lessons from the Iconic Fans of Cult Club Sankt Pauli F.C.’.
34. Totten, ‘Sport Activism and Political Praxis within the FC Sankt Pauli Fan Subculture’.
35. Totten, ‘Freedom through Football; A Tale of Football, Community, Activism and Resistance’.
36. Fanclubsprecherrat, ‘Fanclubs; Constitution’.
37. Davidson, Pirates, Punks & Politics.
38. Totten, ‘Sport Activism and Political Praxis within the FC Sankt Pauli Fan Subculture’.
39. Department for Communities and Local Government, ‘The Community Development Challenge’, 13.
40. Totten, ‘Sport Activism and Political Praxis within the FC Sankt Pauli Fan Subculture’, 10.
41. J. Partington and M. Totten, ‘Community Sports Projects and Effective Community Empowerment.
42. See Sanderson, ‘Nie wieder Faschismus, Nie wieder Krieg, Nie wieder 3. Liga!’; and Totten, ‘Sport Activism and Political Praxis within the FC Sankt Pauli Fan Subculture’.
43. Arnstein, ‘A Ladder of Citizen Participation’.
44. Hylton and Totten, ‘Community Sport Development’.
45. Department for Communities and Local Government, ‘The Community Development Challenge’, 39.
46. Sterchele and Saint-Blancat, ‘Keeping It Liminal. The Mondiali Antirazzisti’.
47. Nahapiet and Ghoshal, ‘Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and the Organizational Advantage’, 243.
48. Sivanandan, cited in Cooke, ‘Whatever Happened to the Class of 68? – The Changing Context of Radical Community Work Practice’, 22.
49. See Totten, ‘Sport Activism and Political Praxis within the FC Sankt Pauli Fan Subculture’; and Kuhn, Soccer versus the State.
50. Brehm and Rahn, ‘Individual-level Evidence for the Causes and Consequences of Social Capital’, 999.
51. Alerta, ‘About Alerta’, 2012.
52. Putnam, Bowling Alone. The Collapse and Revival of American Community, 19.
53. Ledwith, Community Development: A Critical Approach, 3.
54. Bedford, ‘Empowering Evaluation; Evaluating Empowerment’.
55. SCCD, Strategic Framework for Community Development, 4.
56. SCCD, Strategic Framework for Community Development.
57. Barr and Hashagan, ABCD Handbook; A Framework for Evaluating Community Development.
58. Taylor, ‘Top Down Meets Bottom Up; Neighbourhood Management’, 48.