Organizational factors influencing football development in East African countries

Abstract

The performance of association football (soccer) teams from East Africa (Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania [KUT]) in International competitions has not met the expectations of their followers and it has been consistently poor in comparison to Northern, Southern and Western regions of Africa. This article reviews some of the factors perceived to influence football development in East Africa focusing on KUT. Using performance factors conceptual framework, this paper highlights organizational factors, which have influenced the development of football such as facilities, equipment, funding, technical personnel, incentives, external exposure, and appointment of coaches in the development of football in East Africa. It is apparent that a lot more is demanded for the leadership of soccer in East Africa if the standards of the game are to be uplifted.

Notes

1. Council for East and Central Africa Football Association, accessed on January 30, 2013.

2. Njororai, ‘Identity of East African Football’, 67–80.

3. Ibid.

4. Darby, ‘Africa’s Place in FIFA’, 36–61.

5. Ibid.

6. Reilly, ‘Physiological Aspects of Soccer’, 3–20; Reilly, ‘Science and Soccer’.

7. FIFA.com, accessed on March 31, 2016.

8. Pannenborg, ‘Football in Africa’.

9. FIFA.com, accessed on March 31, 2016; Njororai, ‘Identity of East African Football’, 67–80.

10. Njororai, ‘Identity of East African Football’, 67–80.

11. Rintaugu et al., ‘Standard of Soccer In Africa’, 135–9.

12. Njororai, ‘Identity of East African Football’, 67–80; Rintaugu et al., ‘Standard of soccer in Africa’, 135–9.

13. Njororai, ‘Identity of East African Football’, 67–80; Njororai, ‘Soccer Teams of Kenya, Germany and Argentina’; Njororai, ‘Diversity of Sport in Kenya’, 199–229.

14. Rintaugu et al., ‘Standard of Soccer in Africa’, 135–9; Versi, ‘Those Indomitable Lions’, 46–50; Versi, ‘Football in Africa’.

15. Njororai, ‘History and Identity’, 67–80.

16. Darby, ‘Africa’s place in FIFA’, 36–61; Darby, ‘Africa and the World Cup’, 883–905.

17. CAF ‘Confederation of African Football’.

18. FIFA.com, accessed on March 31, 2016.

19. Njororai, ‘Diversity of Sport in Kenya’, 199–229; Njororai, ‘History and Identity’, 67–80; Nyanjom, ‘Football Management in Kenya’; Rintaugu et al., ‘Standard of soccer in Africa’, 135–9; Versi, ‘Football in Africa’.

20. Mazrui, Triple Heritage, and Njororai, ‘Diversity of Sport in Kenya’, 199–229; Njororai, ‘Soccer Teams of Kenya, Germany and Argentina’.

21. See Amara and Henry, ‘Between Globalization and Local “Modernity”’; Fozooni, ‘Religion, Politics and Class’; Majumdar and Bandyopadhyay, ‘Conclusion’.

22. Rintaugu et al., ‘Standard of soccer in Africa’, 135–9.

23. Waiswa, ‘Football Development in Uganda’.

24. Nyanjom, ‘Football Management in Kenya’.

25. Njororai, ‘Diversity of Sport in Kenya’, 199–229.

26. Nyanjom, ‘Football Management in Kenya’.

27. Njororai, ‘Diversity of Sport in Kenya’, 199–229; Njororai, ‘Inequality and Athlete Labour Migration’; Njororai, ‘Distance Running in Kenya’; Njororai, ‘Identity of East African Football’, 67–80.

28. Fletcher and Arnold, ‘Leadership and Management in Elite Sport’, 23, 223–42.

29. See Emiola, ‘Sports in Nigeria’; Njororai, ‘The Diversity of Sport in Kenya’; Singh, ‘Sports Performance and its Structure’, 19–23.

30. See Dick, Sports Training Principles, Njororai, ‘Soccer Teams of Kenya, Germany and Argentina’; Njororai, ‘Diversity of Sport in Kenya’, 199–229; Njororai, ‘More than Physical’; Singh, ‘Sports Performance and its Structure’, 19–23.

31. Arnold et al., ‘Performance Leadership and Management’; Njororai, ‘Soccer Teams of Kenya, Germany and Argentina’; Njororai, ‘Diversity of Sport in Kenya’, 199–229; Njororai, ‘Inequality and Athlete Labour Migration’; Njororai, ‘Distance Running in Kenya’; Singh, ‘Sports Performance and its Structure’, 19–23.

32. Singh, ‘Sports Performance and its Structure’, 19–23.

33. See Njororai, ‘Soccer Teams of Kenya, Germany and Argentina’; Njororai, ‘Diversity of Sport in Kenya’, 199–229; Njororai, ‘Identity of East African Football’, 67–80; Singh, ‘Sports Performance and its Structure’, 19–23.

34. Xu, ‘Modernizing China’, 54, 90–107.

35. De Bosscher et al., ‘National Elite Sport Policies’, 115–41.

36. Gibson et al., ‘2008 Beijing Olympic Games’, 427–50; Green and Houlihan, ‘Elite Sport Development’.

37. Greenleaf et al., ‘Factors Influencing Olympic Performance’, 154–84.

38. De Bosscher et al., ‘Global Sporting Arms Race’; Houlihan and Green, ‘Comparative Elite Sport Development’.

39. De Bosscher et al., ‘A Conceptual Framework’, 185–215; De Bosscher et al., ‘Global Sporting Arms Race’; De Bosscher et al., ‘National Elite Sport Policies’, 115–41.

40. Fletcher and Wagstaff, ‘Organizational Psychology in Elite Sport’, 427–34.

41. See Gould et al., ‘Atlanta and Nagano Olympians’, 175–86; Gould et al., ‘Pursuing Performance Excellence’, 21–43; Gould et al., ‘Survey of U.S. Olympic Coaches’, 229–50; Gould et al., ‘Factors Affecting Olympic Performance’, 371–94; Greenleaf et al., ‘Factors Influencing Olympic Performance’, 154–84.

42. Sotiriadou and Shilbury, ‘Australian Elite Athlete Development’, 137–48.

43. De Bosscher et al., ‘A Conceptual Framework’, 185–215.

44. Ibid.

45. Baker and Logan, ‘Developmental Contexts and Sporting Success’, 515–7.

46. Sotiriadou and Shilbury, ‘Australian Elite Athlete Development’, 137–48.

47. De Bosscher et al., ‘A Conceptual Framework’, 185–215.

48. Sotiriadou and Shilbury, ‘Australian Elite Athlete Development’, 137–48.

49. Oakley and Green, ‘Production of Olympic Champion’, 83–105.

50. De Bosscher et al., ‘A Conceptual Framework’.

51. Versi, ‘Football in Africa’.

52. Njororai et al., ‘Analysis of Soccer in Africa’; Rintaugu et al., ‘Standard of Soccer in Africa’, 135–9.

53. CECAFA, ‘Council for East and Central Africa Football Association’; Njororai, ‘Soccer Teams of Kenya, Germany and Argentina’; Njororai, ‘Identity of East African Football’, 67–80.

54. Mazrui, Triple Heritage; Njororai, ‘Diversity of Sport in Kenya’, 199–229.

55. FKF, ‘Constitution of the Football Kenya Federation’; CAF ‘Confederation of African Football’.

56. Bennett et al., ‘Comparative Physical Education and Sport’; Jeroh, ‘Standard Sports Facilities’, 44–7.

57. Bennett et al., ‘Comparative Physical Education and Sport’.

58. UNESCO, ‘International Charter of Physical Education and Sport’.

59. Awoyinfa and Adeyeye, ‘Provision and Utilization of Sports Facilities’, 32–42.

60. Njororai et al., ‘Analysis of Soccer in Africa’; Rintaugu et al., ‘Standard of Soccer in Africa’, 135–9.

61. Muckle, ‘Get Fit for Soccer’.

62. Bennett et al., ‘Comparative Physical Education and Sport’; Carrol, ‘Hi-Tech Stadiums’; Carrol ‘Lasting Legacy’.

63. Clarke and Maden, ‘The Road from Hills borough’; Sutherland et al., ‘Financing safety’.

64. Versi, ‘Football in Africa’.

65. Njororai et al., ‘Analysis of Soccer in Africa’; Rintaugu et al., ‘Standard of Soccer in Africa’, 135–9.

66. Lees, ‘Biomechanics of Soccer Surfaces and Equipment’, 135–50.

67. Muckle, ‘Get Fit for Soccer’.

68. Njororai et al., ‘Analysis of Soccer in Africa’; Rintaugu et al., ‘Standard of Soccer in Africa’, 135–9.

69. Prentice, ‘Athletic Injury Management’; Rintaugu et al., ‘Standard of Soccer in Africa’, 135–9.

70. Rintaugu et al., ‘Standard of Soccer in Africa’, 135–9.

71. Reilly, ‘Science and Soccer’.

72. Prentice, ‘Athletic Injury Management’.

73. Reilly, ‘Science and Soccer’.

74. Njororai et al., ‘Analysis of Soccer in Africa’; Rintaugu et al., ‘Standard of Soccer in Africa’, 135–9.

75. Darby, ‘Africa’s Place in FIFA’, 36–61.

76. Njororai, ‘Identity of East African Football’, 67–80.

77. Ibid.

78. Versi, ‘Football in Africa’.

79. Ibid.

80. Hoy, ‘Taking Soccer Back’; See also Munro, ‘Greed vs. Good Governance’; Nyanjom, ‘Football Management in Kenya’; Pannenborg, ‘Football in Africa’.

81. Darby, ‘Africa’s Place in FIFA’, 36–61.

82. Achola and Njororai, ‘Gender Disparities in Sports’, 319–32.

83. Versi, ‘Football in Africa’, 130.

84. Hoy, ‘Taking Soccer Back’; Munro, ‘Greed vs. Good Governance’; Njororai, ‘Identity of East African Football’, 67–80; Otiso, Culture and Customs of Tanzania; Versi, ‘Football in Africa’.

85. Gorman and Calhoun, ‘Business of Sports’; Njororai, ‘Identity of East African Football’, 67–80.

86. Cabinet Office, ‘Game Plan’.

87. Murray, ‘History of Soccer’.

88. Ibid.

89. Njororai et al., ‘Analysis of Soccer in Africa’; Rintaugu et al., ‘Standard of Soccer in Africa’, 135–9.

90. Cabinet Office, ‘Game Plan’.

91. Gorman and Calhoun, ‘Business of Sports’.

92. Njororai et al., ‘Analysis of Soccer in Africa’.

93. Stanberge, ‘World Cup Lesson for Korean’, 90–93.

94. Versi, ‘Football in Africa’.

95. Ochieng, ‘Good, Bad and Ugly’.

96. Nyanjom, ‘Football Management in Kenya’.

97. Njororai et al., ‘Analysis of Soccer in Africa’.

98. Njororai et al., ‘Analysis of Soccer in Africa’; Rintaugu et al., ‘Standard of Soccer in Africa’, 135–9.

99. Njororai et al., ‘Analysis of Soccer in Africa’.

100. Cabinet Office, ‘Game Plan’.

101. Magogo, ‘Way Forward 2013’.