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Articles

Exploring the sports economic impact of COVID-19 on professional soccer

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Pages 125-137 | Published online: 03 Aug 2020
 

ABSTRACT

The COVID-19 pandemic has, among other things, a significant impact on the economic situation of sports in general and professional soccer in particular. Our paper points out the main effects of the crisis on professional soccer. To this end, the general effects of the pandemic on sports will be briefly outlined, followed by a discussion of matches played behind closed doors. Based on the general conditions and particularities of the team sports industry, possible solutions for dealing with any problems arising from the pandemic will be discussed from the perspective of economics. As a result, we prefer intra-industry market-based solutions such as a solidarity fund or measures of self-regulation to possible state subsidies.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest is reported by the author.

Notes

1. International Monetary Fund, ‘The Great Lockdown’.

2. Gössling, Scott and Hall, ‘Pandemics, tourism and global change’.

3. Wilkesmann and Wilkesmann, ‘Restaurants in the Corona Crisis’.

4. Andersen et al., ‘Consumer Response to the COVID-10 Crisis’.

5. Follert and Daumann, ‘Sportökonomische Hintergründe zum Bundesliga Neustart’.

6. Franck‚ Die ökonomischen Institutionen der Teamsportindustrie.

7. Daumann, ‘Zur Notwendigkeit einer besonderen staatlichen Förderung des Sports in Zeiten von COVID-19ʹ; and Daumann and Follert, ‘Der organisierte Sport in der “Corona”-Krise’.

8. Reade, Schreyer and Singleton, ‘Echoes’; Webb, Tom, ‘The future of officiating’; and Zülch, Ottenstein, and Manz, ‘The German Bundesliga Clubs and Their Future’.

9. Neale, ‘The Peculiar Economics of Professional Sports’, 1–14.

10. Franck‚ Die ökonomischen Institutionen der Teamsportindustrie; Büch, and Frick, ‘Sportökonomie’, 109–23; Daumann,Grundlagen der Sportökonomie.

11. Zülch, Ottenstein and Manz, ‘The German Bundesliga Clubs and Their Future’.

12. Daumann and Follert, ‘Der organisierte Sport in der “Corona”-Krise’.

13. Ibid.

14. Flatau and Emrich, ‘Exzessiver passiver Sportkonsum’. On the rational addiction of watching soccer.

15. Drewes, Daumann and Follert, ‘Sportökonomische Auswirkungen der COVID-19 Pandemie’.

16. Webb, ‘The future of officiating’.

17. Follert, ‘Ökonomisierung des Fußballs’, 668–670; Quitzau, ‘Folgen der Corona-Krise’.

18. Boyko, Boyko and Boyko, ‘Referee Bias Contributes to Home Advantage’, 1185–94; Buraimo, Forrest, and Simmons, ‘The 12th man?’, 431–49.

19. Reade, Schreyerand Singleton, ‘Echoes’.

20. Pettersson-Lidbom and Prinks, ‘Behavior under social pressure’, 212–4.

21. Reade, Schreyer and Singleton, ‘Echoes’.

22. Rochet and Tirole, ‘Platform Competition in Two-Sided Markets’, 990–1029. It is also important that a soccer game has to be regarded as an intermediary economic platform which enables the interaction e.g. between business companies and spectators via sponsoring. Rochet and Tirole called this phenomenon a ‘two-sided-’ or ‘multi-sided-market’.

23. Daumann, Grundlagen der Sportökonomie.

24. Woratschek, Schafmeister and Ellert, Das Wesentliche ist unsichtbar. They speak of ‘value co-creation’ in this context.

25. Emrich, Pierdzioch and Rullang, ‘For the love of football’; Webb, ‘The future of officiating’ (for the refereeing figure).

26. For German soccer, see FC Fair Play!, ‘Situationsanalyse Profifußball 2017ʹ.

27. On the effect of a stronger influence of the followers, see Madden and Robinson, ‘Supporter Influence on Club Governance’, 339–60.

28. Ibid., 201.

29. Neale, ‘The Peculiar Economics of Professional Sports’, 1–14.

30. Franck, Die ökonomischen Institutionen der Teamsportindustrie.

31. Sloane, ‘The Economics of Professional Football’, 121–146.

32. Breuer, ‘Mit Risiken und Nebenwirkungen’.

33. Akerlof, ‘The Economics of Cast and other Woeful Tales’, 599–617.

34. Franck, Die ökonomischen Institutionen der Teamsportindustrie.

35. Follert and Daumann, ‘Sportökonomische Hintergründe zum Bundesliga Neustart’.

36. Follert, ‘Europäische Fußball-Superliga aus sportökonomischer Sicht’, 148–50; Drewes and Rebeggiani, ‘Die European Super League im Fußball’, 127–42; Follert and Emrich, ‘Was wäre wenn…?’, 347–59.

37. Follert and Daumann, ‘Sportökonomische Hintergründe zum Bundesliga Neustart’.

38. Drewes, ‘Locked Out’, 63–76.

39. Dietl, Franck and Nüesch, ‘Voluntary Salary Cap?’, 23–34.

40. For the relationship between subjective value and negotiation in general, see Follert, ‘Ökonomisierung des Fußballs’, 668–70.

41. Mauss, The Gift.

42. Gerhards, Mutz and Wagner, ‘Die Berechnung des Siegers’, 213–50; Herm et al., ‘When the crowd evaluates soccer player’s market values’, 484–92; Müller, Simons and Weinmann, ‘Beyond crowd judgements’, 611–624; Ackermann and Follert, ‘Einige bewertungstheoretische Anmerkungen’, 21–41; and Richau, ‘Performance indicators in football’, 41–67.

43. Müller, Simonsand Weinmann, ‘Beyond crowd judgements’, 611–24; Richau et al., ‘Performance indicators in football’, 41–67; and Frenger et al., ‘Follow me…’.

44. Transfermarkt.de, ‘1. Bundesliga, Marktwerte’.

45. Grass and Stützel, Volkswirtschaftslehre; Beck, Risikogesellschaft.

46. Richau et al., ‘Performance indicators in football’, 41–67; Frenger et al., ‘Follow me…’.

47. Peeters and Szymanski, ‘Financial Fair Play in European Football’, 346.

48. Strauß, Fußballunternehmen in Europa; Müller, ‘Lizenzierungsverfahren und Finanzregulierung im Teamsport’.

49. For recent appreciation on insolvencies in professional soccer, see Müller, ‘Lizenzierungsverfahren und Finanzregulierung im Teamsport’; Szymanskiand Weimar, ‘Insolvencies in Professional Football’, 54–68.

50. Müller, ‘Lizenzierungsverfahren und Finanzregulierung im Teamsport’.

51. Waschbusch, Rolle and Biewer, ‘Überlegungen zur Zweckadäquanz’, 209 f.; Schild, Follert, and Behr, ‘Die Abgrenzung von Eigen- und Fremdkapital’, 745.

52. Zülch, Ottenstein and Manz, ‘The German Bundesliga Clubs and Their Future’.

53. See Article 52 of the UEFA Club Licencing and Financial Fair Play Regulations, Edition 2018.

54. Drewes, Daumann and Follert, ‘Sportökonomische Auswirkungen der COVID-19 Pandemie’.

55. Matschke, Finanzierung der Unternehmung; Bieg, Kußmaul, and Waschbusch, Finanzierung.

56. Hering, ‘Betriebswirtschaftliche Anmerkungen’, 197–199.

57. Hierl and Weiß, Bilanzanalyse von Fußballvereinen.

58. Daumann and Follert, ‘COVID-19 and and Rent Seeking Competition’.

59. Drewes, ‘Fußball-Bundesliga’, 588–593.

60. Gärtner and Pommerehne, ‘Der Fußball-Zuschauer – ein homo oeconomicus?’, 88–107; Flatau and Emrich, ‘Exzessiver passiver Sportkonsum’.

61. Mause, ‘Fußballspiele, Polizeieinsätze und Steuerzahler’.

62. Drewes, ‘Fußball-Bundesliga’, 588–93.

63. European Union, ‘State aid’.

64. For an overview, see Gerbaulet, ‘Zur funktionalen Analyse des Unternehmers’, 736–767.

65. Knight, Risk, Uncertainty and Profit.

66. Schumpeter, The Theory of Economic Development.

67. Kirzner, Competition and Entrepreneurship.

68. Casson, The Entrepreneur.

69. Gerbaulet, Der Unternehmer als Reputator.

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