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Articles

The World Cup final 1934 as a defining moment in Czechoslovak football culture

Pages 173-186 | Published online: 10 May 2021
 

ABSTRACT

The Czechoslovak national team finished as the runners-up of the 1934 FIFA World Cup in Italy but it was welcomed as moral winners by hundreds of thousands in their home country. Never before had a sporting event been followed so keenly by the largest social strata, thanks to the live radio broadcast of the final match. The tournament left a deep imprint not only in the collective memory but also in popular culture. This paper traces the reception of the event, showing how its image was used as the showcase of the First Czechoslovak Republic, how it was transformed and misused gradually by the communist regime that presented it as a deterrent example of elitism and prima donna behaviour in professional sport, and finally reinvented at the beginning of the 21st century.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

1. Pondělík, Bican, 49.

2. Eisenberg, ‘International Bibliographyʼ.

3. For related literature see Soccer & Society 20, no. 7–8 (2019).

4. Halbwachs, On Collective Memory; Halbwachs, The Collective Memory; Nora, Realms of Memory; Anderson, Imagined Communities. For further titles see Barash, Collective Memory.

5. See for instance Alexander et al., eds., Cultural Trauma.

6. ʻNaši vítězovéʼ [Our victors], Salon 13, no. 6 (1934), 4.

7. Pelc, ‘Rozhlasové reportážeʼ, 24.

8. Josef Klik, ‘K sedmdesátému výročí narozenin Josefa Pekaře. Sport a turistikaʼ [On the Occasion of Josef Pekařʼs 70th birthday: Sports and Hiking], Venkov, April 12, 1940, 3.

9. Marschik, ‘Nationalgefühl per Unterseekabelʼ.

10. Heinrich, 3:2 für Deutschland.

11. On memorial culture in football see for instance Herzog and Barsuhn, eds., Memorialkultur im Fuβballsport; Pyta and Havemann, eds., European Football and Collective Memory.

12. Marschik, Vom Herrenspiel zum Männersport.

13. Szegedi, Az első aranykor.

14. Zwicker, ‘Allerlei Pioniereʼ; Zwicker, ‘Fussballsport in den Hauptstädten München und Pragʼ.

15. Marschik and Sottopietra, Erbfeinde und Haßlieben.

16. Vonnard, ‘From Mitropa Cup to UEFA Cupʼ.

17. Hafer and Hafer, Hugo Meisl.

18. Keys, Globalizing Sport, 57–8.

19. Petrů, Dějiny československé kopané, 691, 704.

20. J. F. M. [Josef František Machotka], ‘Nebyli jsme optimistyʼ [We were not optimistic], Národ, June 12, 1934, 6.

21. On the 1934 FIFA World Cup see, for example, Terhoeven, ‘Fußballrausch im Faschismusʼ.

22. On the team Teplitzer FK and the nationality of its players, see Zwicker, ‘100 Jahre Spitzensport in der böhmischen Provinzʼ.

23. See, for instance, ‘Tschechoslowakei gegen Spanienʼ, Deutsche Post, June 14, 1930, 10.

24. On 1934 FIFA World Cup see, for example, dʼAscanio, La vittoria del 1934; Grüne, Fußballweltmeisterschaft 1934 Italien; Mugnai, La coppa del duce; Marschik, ʻSieg für Italien, Erfolg für Mussolinis Faschismusʼ.

25. Quoted according to Hafer – Hafer, Hugo Meisl, 282.

26. Charles Coutelier, ‘Quand les passions sont appaisées … ʼ, Paris soir, June 12, 1934, 4.

27. Quoted according to Schulze-Marmeling and Dahlkamp, Die Geschichte der Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft, 57.

28. Vigarello, ‘Les premières coupes du mondeʼ, 9.

29. Schulze-Marmeling and Dahlkamp, Die Geschichte der Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft, 57.

30. Pondělík, Bican, 46–54. On the relation between football and fascism in Italy (or dictatorship in general) see most recently Archambault. See also Fabrizio, Sport e fasicsmo; Canella, M., and S. Giuntini, eds., Sport e fascismo; Martin, Football and Fascism; dʼAscanio, La vittoria del 1934; Dietschny, Gastaut, and Mourlane, Histoire politique des coupes du monde de football, 83–110; Brändle, F., and C. Koller, ʻFootball and Dictatorshipʼ; Koller, ʻEin König und drei Diktatorenʼ; Cante, D.

31. Charles Coutelier, ‘Quand les passions sont appaisées … ʼ, Paris soir, June 12, 1934, 4.

32. ‘Zweistundenkampf im Finaleʼ, Bohemia, June 12, 1934, 8.

33. D. Weiß, ‘Italiens erfolgreicher Kampf um den Weltmeistertitelʼ, Sport-Tagblatt (Sport-Ausgabe des Neuen Wiener Tagblattes), June 12, 1934, 1.

34. On possible influence of Mussolini: Impiglia, ‘1934 FIFA World Cupʼ. See also Terhoeven, ‘Fußballrausch im Faschismusʼ, 183.

35. Anon., Coppa del Mondo, 222–3.

36. Pelc, ‘Rozhlasové reportážeʼ, 21–31; Archiv Českého rozhlasu, Praha [Archive of Czech Broadcasting, Prague], Final match Italy – Czechoslovakia, June 10, 1934, ev. no. AF00504/2, id. no. CD.ARCH.1934.11.

37. Anon., Sport a tělesná výchova v rozhlase, 3–5; Haynes, ‘There’s many a slip twixt the eye and the lip’. See also Booth, Talking of sport.

38. Bednařík and others, Dějiny českých médií, 179.

39. Národní muzeum, Praha [National Museum, Prague], fonds František Illek, no. IL06-000707, and IL08-000907.

40. Národní večerník, December 7, 1932, 5; Marschik, M. ‘Nationalgefühl per Unterseekabelʼ.

41. Keys, ‘Senses and Emotions in the History of Sportʼ.

42. Romolo Moizo, ‘Puc, mio piccolo Puc! Fantasia Radiocalcisticaʼ, La Lettura. Rivista mensile del Corriere della Sera, september 1934, 822–7.

43. Malina, Rozhlasový reporter Josef Laufer, passim.

44. McLuhan, Understanding Media, 260.

45. ‘Mimořádný úspěch sportovní reportážeʼ [Extraordinary success of sports broadcasting], Český deník, June 6, 1934, 4; ‘Když tak člověk poslouchal ten Turinʼ [Listening to the Turin match], Telegraf, June 1, 1934, 3.

46. Jaroslav Přibík, ‘Footballové napětí v Prazeʼ [Football excitement in Prague], Telegraf, June 11, 1934, 4; ‘Psychosa davu. Puč a smrtʼ, Telegraf June 12 1934, 3; ‘Triumfální návrat do vlastiʼ, Expres, June 13, 1934, 1.

47. ‘Komu záleželo na šíření pověstí o smrti Puče a Ženíška?ʼ, Národ, June 13, 1934, 2.

48. Archiv Českého rozhlasu, Praha [Archive of Czech Broadcasting, Prague], Final match Italy – Czechoslovakia, June 10, 1934, ev. no. AF00504/2, id. no. CD.ARCH.1934.11.

49. ‘Puč bude dlouho živʼ, Expres, June 13, 1934, 3.

50. ‘Mimořádný úspěch sportovní reportážeʼ [Extraordinary success of sports broadcasting], Český deník, June 6, 1934, 4.

51. ‘Zvláštní výprava do Říma k finále mistrovství světa v kopanéʼ, Lidové noviny, June 6, 1934, 6.

52. Laufer, 50 let v našem sportu, 134.

53. Knebort, ‘Do Říma na championát s “Národními listy“ʼ, Národní listy, June 13, 1934, 1; ‘V Římě na championátu s Národními listyʼ, Národní listy, June 14, 1934, 1, and June 15, 1934, 1.

54. ‘Psychosaʼ, Lidové noviny, June 13, 1934, 7.

55. ‘Švédský soudce Eklind porazil Československoʼ [Swedish referee let Czechoslovakia lose], Pondělí Národních listů a Národa, June 11, 1934, 1; J. F. M. [Josef František Machotka], ‘Nebyli jsme optimistyʼ [We were not optimistic], Národ, June 12, 1934, 6; J. F. M. [Josef František Machotka], ‘Triumfální vjezd našeho representačního footballového mužstva do Prahyʼ [The triumphal entry of our football national team to Prague], Národ, June 13, 1934, 1.

56. Pelc, ‘Národní stadionʼ.

57. ‘Půl milionu Pražanů vítá vítězné české lvyʼ, Polední list, June 13, 1934, 1.

58. Fodor, ‘Die Erinnerungʼ.

59. Josef Laufer, ʽRetrospektiva u mikrofonu. Footballové mistrovství světa v Italiiʼ [Retrospective at a microphone. Football world championship in Italy], Přítomnost, June 27, 1934, 415–6.

60. A cheap car could be purchased for 25,000 Czechoslovak Crowns. ‘Branka, jež mohla přinésti našim hochům v Římě 220.000 Kčʼ, Pondělí Národních listů a Národa, June 11, 1934, 1.

61. Historie psaná šelakem – Dej gól, jen gól. Písně se sportovními náměty [History written in shellac – Score, just score. Songs with sports themes]. CD-ROM. Supraphon, 2013.

62. Mühlstein, Vláďa hlásí finale.

63. Pelc, Sport a česká společnost.

64. Smetana, ‘Tvrdě proti primadonámʼ.

65. Zwicker, ‘Josef “Pepi” Bicanʼ.

66. Zwicker, ‘Nationale Märtyrer’, 194.

67. Julius Fučík, ‘Ať žije Plánička … – Čili Hry a … ʼ, Tvorba, June 15, 1934, 61–2. See also Zwicker, Nationale Märtyrer, 194.

68. Anon., Památník československé tělesné výchovy a sportu, 13.

69. Končelík and others, Dějiny českých médií 20. století, 160, 162.

70. Compare Eisenberg, ‘Medienfußballʼ.

71. Zikmund, Fotbal ve stínu duceho.

74. Halbwachs, The Collective Memory, 22–49.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic under Grant number 19-10401S.

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