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Research Article

CONSEQUENCES OF COVID-19 PREVENTIVE MEASURES ON ANXIETY, STRESS AND DEPRESSION IN FOOTBALL ATHLETES

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Pages 574-582 | Published online: 08 Jul 2021
 

ABSTRACT

The study analysed the impacts of the preventive measures of COVID-19 on the symptoms of anxiety, stress and depression in soccer athletes. Twenty-four males participated in the study, with an average age of 18.4±1.4 years, who had their training suspended due to the preventive measures of COVID-19. Levels of anxiety, stress and depression (DASS-21) and competitive anxiety (CSAI-2 R) were assessed during training interruption and 20 days after the laps. The return to training, after the training interruption period, reduced the levels of somatic anxiety (10.6%), cognitive anxiety (10.5%), depression (9.8%), stress (19.7%), anxiety (14.2%) and self-confidence (4.8%), but without significant differences. It was identified that athletes with more than 10 years of practice had a significant increase in confidence (p =0.009) compared to athletes with less than 10 years of practice. During the pandemic, there was no variation in the levels of anxiety, stress and depression symptoms in athletes.

Disclosure of interest

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

1. Munster, Koopmans, Doremalen, Riel and Wit,‘A Novel Coronavirus Emerging in China – Key Questions for Impact Assessment’.

2. Lau, Khosrawipour, Kocbach, Mikolajczyk, Ichii and Schubert, ‘Internationally lost COVID-19 cases’.

3. Escher, ‘An Ounce of Prevention: Coronavirus (COVID-19) and Mass Gatherings’.

4. Muñoz and Meyer, ‘Infectious Diseases and Football – Lessons not only from COVID-19ʹ.

5. El Khatib, ‘Economics versus epidemiology: an analysis of the trade-off between markets and lives in times of COVID-19ʹ.

6. Nogueira,‘Belief in self-efficacy and anxiety in volleyball athletes’.

7. Tingaz, ‘The Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Elite Athletes, Management Strategies and Post-pandemic Performance Expectations: A Semi Structured Interview Study’.

8. Ibid

9. Mezzadri, and Schmitt, ‘Recommendations and general guidelines for Brazilian sport against COVID-19ʹ.

10. Júnior, Paiano and Dos Santos Costa, ‘Social isolation: physical and mental consequences of physical inactivity in children and adolescents’.

11. Brooks, Webster, Smith, Woodland, Wessely, Greenberg and Rubin,‘The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence’.

12. Mezzadri, and Schmitt, ‘Recommendations and general guidelines for Brazilian sport against COVID-19ʹ.

13. Vignola, ‘Depression, anxiety and stress scale (dass): adaptation and validation for Brazilian Portuguese’.

14. Fernandes, Nunes, Vasconcelos-Raposoand Fernandes. ‘Factors influencing competitive anxiety in Brazilian athletes’.

15. Vignola, ‘Depression, anxiety and stress scale (dass): adaptation and validation for Brazilian Portuguese’.

16. Ibid

17. Santana, Souza, Sousa, Alvarenga, Garcia andTertuliano,‘Athlete anxiety levels at the beginning and end of a basketball championship’.

18. Pereira, Oliveira, Costa, Bezerra, Pereira and Santos, ‘The COVID-19 pandemic, social isolation, consequences on mental health and coping strategies: an integrative review’.

19. Santana, Souza, Sousa, Alvarenga, Garcia andTertuliano,‘Athlete anxiety levels at the beginning and end of a basketball championship’.

20. Lundqvist, Kentta andRaglin,‘Directional anxiety responses in elite and sub-elite young athletes: Intensity of anxiety symptoms matters’; Rossi, Vitorino, Salles and Cortez, ‘Coping strategies in female soccer athletes: a comparative study’.

21. Silva, Vidual, Oliveira, Yoshida, Borin and Fernandes, ‘Anxiety and performance of volleyball players in matches played inside and outside the home’; Rathschlag andMemmert, ‘Self-generated emotions and their influence on sprint performance: An investigation of happiness and anxiety’.

22. Fortes, Lima, Almeida, Fonseca, Paes and Ferreira,‘Effect of Competitive Anxiety on Passing Decision-Making in Under-17 Soccer Players’.

23. Claudino, Costa, Teixeira, Ribeiro and Pussieldi, ‘Analysis of pre-competitive stress and anxiety factors in U-20 soccer players’.

24. Valini, Tramultula andMartines,‘Influence of anxiety on the performance of soccer players’.

25. Tingaz, ‘The Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Elite Athletes, Management Strategies and Post-pandemic Performance Expectations: A Semi Structured Interview Study’.

26. Tingaz, ‘The Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Elite Athletes, Management Strategies and Post-pandemic Performance Expectations: A Semi Structured Interview Study’; Fortes, Lima, Almeida, Fonseca, Paes and Ferreira,‘Effect of Competitive Anxiety on Passing Decision-Making in Under-17 Soccer Players’; Claudino, Costa, Teixeira, Ribeiro and Pussieldi, ‘Analysis of pre-competitive stress and anxiety factors in U-20 soccer players’.

27. Brooks, Webster, Smith, Woodland, Wessely, Greenberg and Rubin,‘The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence’.

28. Guzmán, Amar andFerreras, ‘Pre-competitive anxiety and self-control behaviors in football players’.

29. Lundqvist, Kentta andRaglin,‘Directional anxiety responses in elite and sub-elite young athletes: Intensity of anxiety symptoms matters’.

30. Fernandes and Silva, ‘Relationship between competitive anxiety and experience in athletes of jui-jitsu and surfing’; Reis, ‘Pre-competitive anxiety in football. Comparative study between the pre-competitive anxiety levels of children’s and senior soccer teams in the district of Castelo Branco’.

31. Ibid.

32. Silva, Enumo, Bittencourt, Francisco Carvalho, Araújo and Morais Afonso, ‘Adaptation and internal structure of the Competitive Anxiety-State Inventory (CSAI-2) for dancers’.

33. Rodrigues, Lázaro, Fernandes and Vasconcelos-Raposo, ‘Characterization of the levels of negativism, activation, self-confidence and motivational orientations of climbers’.

34. Santos, Maciel, Oliveira andTertuliano, ‘Pre-competitive anxiety in athletes from different sports: a review study’.

35. Ciddi and Yazgan, ‘Investigation of The Continuity of Training and Mental Health of Athletes During Social Isolation In The Covid-19 Outbreak’

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