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Research Article

Survival analysis of football referees in Madrid, 1991-2021: a data-science approach

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 778-798 | Published online: 11 Nov 2022
 

ABSTRACT

While football is a billionaire spectacle, the figure of the referee mainly presents an amateur career and a notorious diversity among the different national and regional federations. In this article, we analyse which variables determine the lifespan of the referee’s career in Madrid. We apply survival analysis toa dataset of 2,978 registered referees provided by the Real Federation de Fútbol de Madrid (RFFM). The results show relevant conclusions like the different career paths of men and women, the incidence of belonging to each of the three branch offices, the effect of being a ‘talent’, which are the category levels where men and women mainly drop, the relevance of starting on an earlier age and the positive effect of having been born in Madrid for men. They all constitute remarkable insights to be considered when establishing recruitment policies, training and development and support for young and active referees.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

1. Real Federación de Fútbol de Madrid, 2021. Portal del Federado. The Federation compiles the main body of statistics about the football practice in Madrid.

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29. Cleland, ‘Respecting referees?’; BBC News, 17 Sep., ‘Kent: Abuse of grassroots referees leads to call for action.’.

30. Giel & Breuer, ‘The determinants of the intention to continue voluntary football refereeing.’

31. Mendes et al., ‘Career development and perception of factors to the excellence of the football referee in Portugal.’; Samuel, ‘Soccer referees’ transition to the premier league’; ’Training prospective soccer referees using a deliberate practice perspective’.

32. Antonie, ‘Developing a career promotion model for Romanian football referees.’.

33. Koekemoer, ‘An explorative study on factors influencing the career success of management employees.’.

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37. Antonie, ‘Developing a career promotion model for Romanian football referees.’

38. Rullang et al., ‘Why do referees end their careers’.

39. Webb et al., ‘Leading elite association football referees’.

40. Wicker & Frick, ‘‘Recruitment and retention of referees in nonprofit sport organizations’.

41. Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte. Anuario de Estadísticas Deportivas 2022: 123.

42. Aragão e Pina et al., ‘To be or not to be an excellent football referee’.

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44. Judge et al., ‘An empirical investigation of the predictors of executive career success.’.

45. Abele et al., ‘The construct of career success: Measurement issues and an empirical example.’; Dai & Song, ‘Subjective career success: A literature review and prospect.’.

46. Folkesson et al., ‘Soccer referees’ experience of threat and aggression’.

47. Santos et al., ‘Burnout Inventory for Referees (BIR): psychometric properties for Brazilian soccer referees.’

48. Rullang et al., ‘Why do referees end their careers’.

49. Mendes et al., ‘Career development and perception of factors to the excellence of the football referee in Portugal.’.

50. Aguirre-Loaiza et al., ‘Psychological characteristics of sports performance’.

51. Wicker & Frick, ‘‘Recruitment and retention of referees in nonprofit sport organizations’.

52. Choi et al, ‘Influence of the perceived organizational support, job satisfaction, and career commitment on football referees’ turnover intention.’. Racek& Pelikan, ‘Role of sports management in preparation for football referees in the Czech Republic.’. Webb et al., ‘Striving for excellence: talent identification and development in English football refereeing.’

53. Rullang et al., ‘Why do referees end their careers’.

54. Kellet & Warner, ‘Creating communities that lead to retention’; Choi & Chiu, ‘Influence of the perceived organizational support’; Mendes et al., ‘Career development and perception of factors to the excellence of the football referee in Portugal.’.

55. Wicker & Frick, ‘‘Recruitment and retention of referees in nonprofit sport organizations’.

56. Aragão e Pina et al., ‘To be or not to be an excellent football referee’.

57. Webb et al., ‘Striving for excellence: talent identification and development in English football refereeing.’ .

58. Webb et al., ‘‘Leading elite association football referees: challenges in the cross-cultural organization of a geographically dispersed group.’.

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