571
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
He shang: A Symposium

Deconstruction as disempowerment: New orientalisms of Java

Pages 51-71 | Published online: 05 Jul 2019

Abstract

These comments and reflections on the impact of recent theories on the study of Java are stimulated by issues that arise when focusing on the interpretation of traditional mystical culture. Though the works I will deal with are only loosely linked to either deconstruction or mysticism, they do highlight issues arising from how these intersect. Each work offers a reading of contemporary culture that implicitly or explicitly assesses the place of traditions within it. In at once critiquing and applying deconstruction, only occasionally to works that use it, my focus is on posing a question rather than on resolving it or providing a balanced survey of scholarly work. I will not do justice to the works mentioned because my questioning is at the periphery of their purposes, in the spirit of deconstruction itself.

Notes

This article was originally submitted to BCAS in May 1989. Early versions were discussed at the Australian Association for the Study of Religions Conference (Brisbane, Sept. 1988); at a Moving the Boundaries seminar (Fremantle, Nov. 1988); and the Asian Studies Association of Australia Conference (Singapore, Feb. 1989). An earlier, shorter, and different version was published in Indonesian in Prisma (Jakarta), no. 2 (XVIII, 1989), pp. 3-16, and a shorter but similar version was published in English in Prisma, no. 50 (Sept. 1990), pp. 89-110. I am indebted to many people in those contexts and in Java. In different ways the paper has also benefited from specific comments from Rod Giblett, Anne Marie Medcalf, Judy Watson, John Legge, Alan Mansfield, Ian Chalmers, Garry Gillard, Ariel Heryanto, Mark Perlman, Drs Warsito, and the BCAS referees—none of whom can be blamed for my bent.

References

  • Said, Edward , 1979. Orientalism . New York: Random House; 1979.
  • Steadman, John , 1969. The Myth of Asia . London: Macmillan; 1969.
  • Marcus, George , and Fischer, Michael , 1986. Anthropology as Cultural Critique . Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press; 1986. pp. 1–2, Similar observations about Said's work are noted at greater length in.
  • Leur, Jacob Van , 1955. Indonesian Trade and Society . 1955, The Hague: Van Hoeve.
  • Smail, John , 1961. On the Possibility of an Autonomous History of Modern Southeast Asia , Journal of Southeast Asian History 2 (2) (1961).
  • 1979. Reid, Anthony , and Marr, David , eds. Perceptions of the Past in Southeast Asia . Singapore: Heinemann; 1979.
  • Hall, D.G.E. , 1977. A History of South-East Asia . London: Macmillan; 1977, 1955])..
  • Marcus, , 1982. Political Economy of Dependent Capitalist Development: Study on the Limits of the State to Rationalise in Thailand . Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Social Research Institute; 1982, Akira Suehiro, Capital and Industrial Development in Thailand (Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Social Research Institute, 1985); Kevin Hewison, “The State and Capitalist Development in Thailand,” in Sociology of “Developing Societies”: Southeast Asia, ed. John G. Taylor and Andrew Turton (New York and London: Monthly Review Press, 1988); Chairat Charoensin-O-Larn, Understanding Postwar Reformism in Thailand (Bangkok: Editions Duang Kamol, 1988).
  • Chairat, , Political Economy of Dependent Capitalist Development: Study on the Limits of the State to Rationalise in Thailand . pp. 176–176.
  • Roth, Guenther , and Schluchter, Wolfgang , 1979. "Max Weber's Vision of History". In: Anthropology . Berkeley. 1979. pp. 50–50.
  • 1986. Clifford, James , and Marcus, George , eds. Writing Culture . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press; 1986, This extension is explored in the essays collected in.
  • Harris, Marvin , 1968. The Rise of Anthropological Theory . New York: Thomas Crowell; 1968. pp. 568–604.
  • Derrida, Jacques , 1970. "Structure Sign and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences". In: Macksey, R. , and Donato, E. , eds. The Languages of Criticism and the Sciences of Man . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 1970. pp. 251–252, in.
  • Benjamin, Geoffrey , 1987. Notes on the Deep Sociology of Religion . Singapore: Department of Sociology, University of Singapore; 1987, One relevant exploration of this interface;Working Paper no. 85.
  • Derrida, Jacques , and Spivak, Gayatri , 1974. Of Grammatology . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 1974. pp. 30–65.
  • Geertz, Clifford , 1973. "Religion as a Cultural System". In: The Interpretation of Cultures . New York: Basic Books; 1973, definition in;emphasizes self-sustaining circularity and bridges between religion and culture the same way I emphasize them.
  • 1987. Alfian, Ibrahim , ed. Dari Babad dan Hikayat Sampai Sejarah Kritis . Yogyakarta: Gadjah Madah University Press; 1987, Their essays on the subject appear in the Festschrift for Sartono Kartodirdjo.
  • 1979. Becker, A.L. , and Yengoyan, A. , eds. The Imagination of Reality: Essays in Southeast Asian Coherence Systems . Norwood, NJ: Ablex Pub. Corp.; 1979, Becker's essay, “Text-Building, Epistemology and Aesthetics in Javanese Shadow Theatre,” and Robert McKinlay's “Zaman dan Masa, Eras and Periods” are especially pertinent. Becker suggests that wayang characters represent epistemologies; McKinlay demonstrates with notable clarity how religious transitions within Southeast Asia have reordered knowledge.
  • 1977. "Mystical Symbolism in Javanese Wayang Mythology". In: South East Asian Review . Vol. 1. 1977, My most relevant contribution in this regard is “The Logic of Rasa in Java,” Indonesia, no. 38 (October 1984). That article explores the theory of rasa (roughly, “intuitive feeling”) derived from India and as applied within current Javanese mystical practice (not only as “situated in belief”). In relation to the wayang drama I have briefly sketched the principles employed by mystics in decoding its meaning, according to the theory of “microcosm and macrocosm correspondence” (also derived from India), in.
  • Niel, Robert Van , 1960. The Emergence of the Modern Indonesia Elite . 1960, The Hague: Van Hoeve; and Heather Sutherland, The Making of a Bureaucratic Elite (Singapore: Heinemann, 1979).
  • Supomo, S. , "The Image of Majapahit in Later Javanese and Indonesian Writing". In: Reid , and Marr , eds. Perception , and other essays in;are especially instructive.
  • Heryanto, Ariel , and Lutz, Nancy , 1988. "The Development of ‘Development’". In: Indonesia . 1988, no. 46.
  • Mihardja, Achdiat , 1986. Polemik Kebudayaan . Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya; 1986, Recent republication of;indicates continuing interest. It was published in 1948 and summarizes debates rooted in the 1930s. It is noteworthy that Takdir Alisjahbana, in those debates arguing for a radical break with tradition, has reversed his position in important respects. Now he holds that the spiritual element of tradition is extremely relevant for the postmodern world. See his Socio-Cultural Creativity in the Converging and Restructuring Process of the New Emerging World (Jakarta: Dian Rakyat, 1983), especially pp. 74-80. Another major cultural figure, W.S. Rendra, a leading poet and dramatist, has collected his comments on tradition in Mempertimbangkan Tradisi (Jakarta: PT Gramedia, 1983). Even in Indonesia it is understood that the opposition between “tradition and modernity” is neither simple nor static. Nor do positions on that issue correlate mechanically with the political spectrum—as many analysts imagine they do.
  • Day, Anthony , 1986. "How Modern was Modernity, how Traditional Tradition in 19th Century Java?". In: Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs . Vol. 20. 1986, That such deconstruction reaches Indonesia quickly is evident in Prisma, vol. 15, no. 8 (1986), where two articles address it: Ron Witton, “Tinjauan kritis terhadap istilah ‘tradisional’ dan ‘moderen’ dalam penelitian sosial”; and Ignas Kleden, “Membangun tradisi tanpa sikap tradisional.
  • 1968. State and Statecraft in Old Java . Ithaca, NY: Cornell Modem Indonesia Project; 1968, The best introductions to the place of spirituality within traditional Javanese culture are still Soemarsaid Moertono;and Clifford Geertz, The Religion of Java (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976 [I960]).
  • Harun's, Hadiwiyono , 1967. Man in the Present Javanese Mysticism . Baarn, Netherlands: Bosch and Keuning; 1967, A recent example, discussed below;He essentially argues that the mystical identification of ultimacy (or God) with self always traces to the Hindu doctrine of unity of Brahma and Atman, thus implying that union mysticism must be Hindu derived.
  • Johns, Anthony , 1961;1983. "Sufism as a Category in Indonesian Literature and History". In: Hooker, M.B. , ed. Journal of Southeast Asian History . Vol. 2. Leiden: Brill; 1961;1983, definitively drew attention to the significance of Sufism as a conditioning factor in facilitating Islamization of Southeast Asia. In a fine recent essay John Bousfield synthesizes other scholarly works to demonstrate the coherence and depth of philosophical Sufism in the Southeast Asian context. His essay is in;Islam in South-East Asia.
  • Gilsenan, Michael , 1985. Recognizing Islam . London: Croom Helm; 1985.
  • Drewes, G.W.J. , 1955. "Indonesia: Mysticism and Activism". In: von Grunebaum, Gustave , , ed. Unity and Variety in Muslim Civilization . Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1955. pp. 285–285, in.
  • Ricklefs, M.C. , 1979. "Six Centuries of Islamization in Java". In: Levtzion, N. , , ed. Conversion to Islam . New York: Holmes and Meier; 1979, in, I have argued that we must separate the politics of mysticism in Java from the question of religious identification per se in my “‘Legitimate’ Mysticism in Indonesia,” Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs, vol. 20, no. 2 (1986). Mysticism relates to the axis of “depth,” religious identification to ideology/doctrinal affiliation. Location on the political spectrum is also an issue of ideological and socioeconomic positioning, independent of, even if interacting with, degrees of spirituality.
  • Boland, B. J. , 1982. The Struggle of Islam in Modern Indonesia . The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff; 1982. pp. 15–39, and C. van Dijk, Rebellion Under the Banner of Islam (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1981), pp. 45-58.
  • Marcuse's, Herbert , 1964. One Dimensional Man . Boston: Beacon Press; 1964, remains useful, though I clearly adapt his words to my purpose. The discussion of Indonesian religious change closest to my point here is in Clifford Geertz, Islam Observed (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971), especially chap. 4, “The Struggle for the Real.”.
  • Hadiwiyono's, , Man, remains one of the few sources presenting Javanese mystical texts in an accessible form .
  • Kartodirdjo's, Sartono , 1966. The Peasants' Revolt of Banten in 1888 . 's-Gravenhage, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff; 1966, is rightly regarded as a masterpiece. When I discussed this point with him in January 1989, Sartono laughed and added a pertinent note. When his thesis was examined, one examiner congratulated him by covering his name on the manuscript and commenting that “if a reader did not know the name they would not know the author was Indonesian.” The analytical posture maintained in his thesis is carried onto a larger stage with his book, Protest Movements in Rural Java (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, and Oxford University Press, 1972). More recent works open up local cultural perspectives more deeply: see Sartono Kartodirdjo, Sudewa and Suhardjo Hat-mosuprobo, Perkembanganperadabanpriyayi (Yogyakarta: Gadjah Madah University Press, 1987).
  • Koentjaraningrat, R.M. , 1985. Javanese Culture . Singapore: Oxford University Press; 1985.
  • al-Attas's, Syed Muhammad Naquib , 1985. Islam, Secularism and the Philosophy of the Future . London: Mansell Pub. Ltd.; 1985, is a notable exception in Malaysia; in a very different style Ignas Kleden raises critical issues in Indonesia in Sikap ilmiah dan kritik kebudayaan (Jakarta: Lembaga Penelitian, Pendidikan dan Penerangan Ekonomi dan Sosial, 1987). A sampling of recent publications suggests the extent of interest. Some focus on identifying Indonesian qualities in local practices, and most also raise questions about approaches: Sunoto, Menuju Filsafat Indonesia (Yogyakarta: PT Hanindita, 1987); Darmanto Jt. and P.H. Sudharto, eds., Mencari Konsep Manusia Indonesia (Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga, 1986); H. Abdjul Asis Ahyadi, Psikologi agama: kepribadian Muslim pancasila (Bandung: Penerbit Sinar Baru, 1988); J.C. Tukiman Taruna, Ciri Budaya Manusia Jawa (Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius, 1987)..
  • McVey, Ruth , 1986. "The Wayang Controversy in Indonesian Communism". In: Hobart, Mark , and Taylor, Robert , eds. Context, Meaning and Power in Southeast Asia . Ithaca, NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program; 1986, in.
  • Benda's, Harry , 1965. "Decolonization in Indonesia: The Problem of Continuity and Change". In: American Historical Review . Vol. 70. 1965, most relevant contribution is;Geertz's The Religion of Java links historical phases and contemporary cultural and social groups; in Islam Observed his analysis touches contemporary politics. Benedict Anderson's most widely noted contribution is “The Idea of Power in Javanese Culture” in Claire Holt et al., eds., Culture and Politics in Indonesia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1972); reprinted in Benedict Anderson, Language and Power: Exploring Political Cultures in Indonesia (Ithaca, NY; and London: Cornell University Press, 1990). His lectures at Monash University in Australia in 1975 push even further, reconfiguring the gestalt in which we interpret the relation of religion to politics, recognizing that politics can be a vehicle for religious purposes rather than, as we are more likely to presume, the converse. See his: “Religion and Politics in Indonesia Since Independence,” in Religion and Social Ethos in Indonesia, ed. B. Anderson, Nakamura Mitsuo, and M. Slamet (Clayton, Victoria: Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University, 1977).
  • Schulte-Nordholt, N.G. , et al. Shefold, R. , 1980. "The Indonesian Elections: A National Ritual". In: Man, Meaning and History . The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff; 1980, in.
  • Robison's, Richard , 1986. Higgott, Richard , ed. Indonesia, the Rise of Capital . Sydney: Allen and Unwin; 1986, most notable contribution is;In the work he edited with;Southeast Asia: Essays in the Poltical Economy of Structural Change (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985), p. 8, the editors underline their sense that Orientalism is culturalist and conservative. In comments on the disruption of Australian-Indonesian relations in 1986, Robison makes the linkage more explicit, connecting cultural analysis to an Indonesian lobby in Australia. See Richard Robison, “Explaining Indonesia's Response to the Jenkins Article,” Australian Outlook, vol. 40, no. 3 (December 1986), pp. 132-33. Robison and his colleagues are tied to models that read culture as ideology in dualistic terms, distinguishing “ideas from material” in a fashion the new cultural analysis usually no longer does.
  • Lindsay's, Jennifer , 1985. Klasik, Kitsch or Contemporary: A Study of the Javanese Performing Arts . unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Sydney; 1985, is relevant and significant. She explores the reformulation of tradition historically, then deals with dance and music in Yogyakarta and Surakarta, but in technical terms I cannot readily follow. In a brief review in the Asian Studies Association of Australia Review, vol. 10, no. 3 (April 1987) I have commented on Robert Hefner's study, Hindu Javanese: Tengger Tradition and Islam (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985). In it and his articles, especially “Islamizing Java.
  • 1986. Kepribadian budaya bangsa . Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya; 1986, Local genius.
  • Wolters, Oliver , 1982. History, Culture and Region in Southeast Asian Perspective . Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, and Singapore University Press; 1982.
  • Sears, Laurie , 1986. Text and Performance in Javanese Shadow Theatre . unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison; 1986.
  • Rassers, Willem Huibert , 1982. Panji, the Culture Hero: A Structural Study of Religion in Java . 1982.
  • Ras, J.J. , 1976. The Historical Development of the Javanese Shadow Play , Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs 10 (2) (1976), pp. 50–76.
  • Keeler, Ward , 1987. Javanese Shadow Plays, Javanese Selves . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1987.
  • Groenendael, Victoria Clara van , 1985. The Dalang Behind the Wayang . Leiden: Verhandelingen no. 114; 1985.
  • Keeler, , Javanese . pp. 16–16.
  • Javanese . pp. 244–244.
  • Javanese . pp. 267–267.
  • Geertz's, , wayang in The Religion of Java . pp. 267–278, discussion of;contrasts the priyayi and abangan perspectives and presents the mystical sense of the drama, as representing the spiritual journey of meditation. And my essay “Mystical Symbolism,” which I discussed with Keeler in January 1981, presents a variety of Javanese mystical interpretations and uses of the drama. The central point there, summarized on p. 122, is remarkably convergent with Keeler's conclusion on p. 267. The way we position ourselves in relation to Javanese “exegesis” could hardly contrast more.
  • 1975. The Book of Cabolek . 1975, he would have found an illustration of the complexity and nuance of Javanese esoteric interpretation of their own drama as they saw it in the early nineteenth century. Keeler has generally, like Geertz before him, tended to write about Java as though its culture is oral, implicitly deprecating the impact, mediated ironically precisely through the wayang, of interactions between court and village spheres.
  • Mulder, Niels , 1978. Mysticism and Everyday Life in Contemporary Java . Singapore: University of Singapore Press; 1978.
  • Florida, Nancy , 1987. Reading the Unread in Traditional Javanese Literature , Indonesia (1987).
  • Florida, Nancy , Indonesia, pp. 3–3.
  • Reeve's, David , 1985. Golkar of Indonesia . Singapore: Oxford University Press; 1985, is an important recent work drawing these connections out, especially in relation to New Order political culture.
  • Howell, Julia , 1982. "Indonesia: Searching for Consensus". In: Calderola, Carlos , ed. Religion and Societies: Asia and the Middle East . 1982. pp. 515–515, clarifies the connection between the Theosophical Society and recent Buddhist movements in.
  • Geertz, Clifford , 1984. Culture and Social Change: The Indonesian Case , Man 19 (4) (1984).
  • Bowen, John , 1986. On the Political Construction of Tradition: Gotong Royong in Indonesia , Journal of Asian Studies 45 (3) (1986).
  • Dove, Michael , 1985. The Agroecological Mythology of the Javanese and the Poltical Economy of Indonesia , Indonesia (1985).
  • Newman, Terry , 1986. Political Ideology in Indonesia: Pancasila and the Asas Tunggal . unpublished B.A. honors' thesis, Murdoch University; 1986.
  • Bourchier, David , 1984. Dynamics of Dissent in Indonesia: Sawito and the Phantom Coup . Ithaca, NY: Cornell Modern Indonesia Project; 1984.
  • Pemberton, John , 1987. Musical Politics in Central Java (or how not to listen to a Javanese gamelan) , Indonesia (1987).
  • Pemberton, John , Indonesia, pp. 27–28.
  • Siegel, James , 1986. Solo in the New Order: Language and Hierarchy in a Javanese City . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1986.
  • Groenendael, Van , 1986. The Dalang; and Patrick Guinness, Harmony and Hierarchy in a Javanese Kampung . Singapore: Oxford University Press; 1986.
  • little is said , then later he refers to the “capacity of speech to express a certain vacuity” (p. 72), and to a speaker referring admiringly to an orator at a funeral who had “spoken for a long time and said almost nothing” (p. 260)..
  • little is said . pp. 27–28.
  • little is said . pp. 285–285.
  • Norris, Christopher , 1982. Deconstruction: Theory and Practice . London: Metheun; 1982. pp. 5–5.
  • Taylor, Mark , 1984. Erring: A Postmodern, A-Theology . Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1984. pp. 6–6, Gayatri Spivak connects him to Nietzsche at length in her translator's preface to Derrida's Of Gram-matology.
  • Loy, David , 1987. The Cloture of Deconstruction: A Mahayana Critique of Derrida , International Philosophical Quarterly 27 (1) (1987).

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.