REVISIONISM AND THE NANJING ATROCITY

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Notes

^1. Furet and Nolte 2001, 49.

^2. Ibid., 56; xi.

^3. McPherson 2003.

^4. Lukacs 2005, 140–50.

^5. Spiegel 2007.

^6. Funkenstein 1992, 79.

^7. Shermer and Grobman 2009, 2.

^8. Lukacs 2005, 141–42.

^9. Richter ,ed. 2008.

^10. Kibata 2004, 159–73, 110–20.

^11. Throughout this essay, “Nanjing Atrocity” is used for the event commonly known as “Nanjing Massacre,” “Rape of Nanjing,” and “Nanjing Incident.” The author is grateful for helpful comments by Mark Selden.

^12. Higashinakano 2005 (Nanjing), vi.

^13. Hgashinakano 2005 (Synopsis), 10.

^14. Higashinakano 2005 (Nanjing), 238.

^15. Ibid., 80.

^16. Higashinakano was also plainly wrong, as Takashi Yoshida points out in his essay in Wakabayashi's edited volume (see below), to attribute the absence of “massacre” in wartime Chinese public statements to “the fact it was not born out by official documents.”

^17. Kaikōsha 1993, 220.

^18. In a review article in the American Historical Review I pointed out this flagrant abuse of historical evidence in his 1998 Japanese edition. The book's author made no revision in his English translation that appeared in 2005. See Yang 1999.

^19. Li and Wen 1998, 514.

^20. Wen 2004, 53–59.

^21. Kitamura 2002, 2006.

^22. Gold 2007, xiv.

^23. Sugihara 1997.

^24. See www.sdh-fact.com; accessed 15 June 2011.

^25. Higashinakano, Kobayashi, and Fukunaga 2005.

^26. The back cover of the book replaces “contemporary standards,” a phrase used in Shiraishi's Introduction to the essays, with “modern scientific standards.”

^27. The organizers later published most of the presentations as Nanking 1937: Memory and Healing (see Li, Sabella, and Liu, eds., 2002). It includes an essay by Higashinakano, though Hata chose to publish his presentation in the conservative monthly Shokun instead. Hata wrote of his appearance at the Princeton symposium, including an encounter with Iris Chang, and being heckled by some audience when he suggested the Chinese general charged with the defense of Nanjing should also bear responsibility of the Japanese atrocities. Hata 2003, 10.

^28. Askew 2003 (Specter), 53–58.

^29. This is a point also noted by Chinese historian Cheng Zhaoqi, who questioned Askew's motive of publishing his piece in a conservative journal like Shokun. See Cheng 2008, 271. Although not all who published in conservative journals are conservatives or neo-nationalists, it is well known that Shokun's editors often add or alter titles/subtitles to make it more sensational.

^30. Wakabayashi 2007 (Messiness), 23.

^31. Wakabayashi 2007 (Leftover), 19.

^32. Askew 2001, 2002, and 2003 (Defending), all published in Sino-Japanese Studies (www.ChinaJapan.org).

^33. Askew 2007, 96–97.

^34. Wakabayashi 2007 (Leftover), 363.

^35. Given this situation, the publication in English of the diary kept by a Chinese woman in Nanjing during the atrocities is all the more timely. Cheng Reifang, who was a Chinese assistant to the American missionary Minnie Vautrin, kept a short diary that was filled with anger and anguish. See Vautrin and Tsen 2010.

^36. Sun 2005, 20.

^37. Of course, to some extent this results from the inevitable problem of language even though several authors strive to break down totalizing categories of “the Chinese” and “the Japanese.”

^38. Wakabayashi 2007 (Leftover), 385.

^39. Wakabayashi 2007 (Messiness), 5.

^40. Zhu and Jiang 2008.

^41. Zhang Xianwen, ed., 2005–2010.

^42. Sun 2005.

^44. Ibid., 275.

^43. Ibid., 253–54.

^45. Cheng 2008, 267.

^46. Ibid., 268–69.

^47. Yang 1999, 842–65.

^48. Fukiura 2008, 82–84.

^49. The reports are available at Japanese Foreign Ministry website: www.www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/china/rekishi_kk.html.

^50. The Chinese author of the section on the Nanjing Atrocity is Zhang Lianhong, one of the two historians invited to Japan in 2007 by the Tokyo Foundation. See Zhang 2010, 5–10. For the perspective by the Japanese participant, see Shōji 2010, 11–15.

^51. Brook 2007, 172.

^52. Ibid., 174.

^53. Wakabayashi 2007 (Leftover), 361.