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Abstract
Over 98,000 American military personnel were stationed in France by the mid-1950s. Most studies of these US forces in France have taken an intercultural perspective, assessing how the two communities related to each other ‘on the ground’. This article seeks to explore how American deployment was received and represented within the increasingly polarised context of French national politics. It examines the role played by the American military presence in the creation of Cold War narratives in France, in the very initial phases of US deployment (1950–52), with particular reference to cultural representations developed in these two years by the French Communist Party.
Notes
Hilary Footitt is a Senior Research Fellow in the School of Languages and European Studies at the University of Reading. She has written widely on Franco-Allied relations during the Liberation, including War and Liberation in France: Living with the Liberators (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), and is currently Principal Investigator for the AHRC Project, Languages at War: Policies and Practices of Language Contacts in Conflict, led by the University of Reading, with the University of Southampton, and the Imperial War Museum, London.
All translations from the original French are by the author.
[1] CitationPottier, Les Bases, 230.
[2] CitationFacon, Les Bases.
[3] CitationMay, Homeward Bound.
[4] CitationAlvah, Unofficial Ambassadors.
[5] Department of Defense, A Pocket Guide to Anywhere, prepared by the Office of Armed Forces Information and Education, 1956, 33.
[6] CitationBergeret-Cassagne, Les Bases, 242; see also, Pottier, Les Bases.
[7] CitationHanley, ‘From Co-operation to Conflict’.
[8] For information on the communist intellectual milieu and its relationships with other groups, see CitationKelly, The Cultural and Intellectual Rebuilding of France.
[9] CitationKelly, ‘French Intellectuals and Zhdanovism’.
[10] Lettres Françaises, 23 August 1951.
[11] La Nouvelle Critique, April 1952, no. 35, 6, 7.
[12] Lettres Françaises, 6 June 1952.
[13] Journal Officiel, 17 November 1950, 7874.
[14] Journal Officiel, 17 March 1951, 2120; 30 December 1951, 10191.
[15] Quoted in Pottier, Les Bases, 281.
[16] La Nouvelle Critique, March 1952, no. 34; see also January 1952, no. 32.
[17] CitationJudt, Past Imperfect, 49.
[18] See for example, CitationPaxton, Vichy France; CitationRousso, Le syndrome de Vichy.
[19] Journal Officiel, 16 November 1950, 7791–2.
[20] Journal Officiel, 20 May 1952, 2537.
[21] La Nouvelle Critique, April 1952, no. 35.
[22] CitationStil, Le premier choc, 156.
[23] CitationStil, Le coup du canon, 20.
[24] Stil, Le premier choc, 206.
[25] Stil, Le coup du canon, chapter 27.
[26] Stil, Le premier choc, 162.
[27] Stil, Le coup du canon, 24.
[28] Stil, Le coup du canon, 30.
[29] Stil, Le premier choc, 124.
[30] Stil, Le premier choc, 158.
[31] Stil, Le premier choc, 202.
[32] Stil, Le premier choc, 203.
[33] Stil, Le premier choc, 99.
[34] Stil, Le premier choc, 106.
[35] Stil, Le premier choc, 188, 189; Stil, Le coup du canon, 132.
[36] Stil, Le coup du canon, 52, 137.
[37] Stil, Le premier choc, 121, 122.
[38] Stil, Le coup du canon, 158.
[39] Stil, Le coup du canon, 160.
[40] Stil, Le coup du canon, 164.
[41] Stil, Le premier choc, 158.
[42] Stil, Le coup du canon, 216, 217.
[43] Stil, Le premier choc, 111.
[44] Stil, Le premier choc, 226.
[45] La Nouvelle Critique, April 1952, no. 35.
[46] Quoted in CitationFlower, Literature and the Left, 151.
[47] Lettres Françaises, 20–27 March 1952.
[48] For information on the Ridgway riots, see CitationPigenet, Au coeur de l'activisme communiste.
[49] Foreign Relations, 1952–54, Vol. VI, Dunn to Department of State, 29 May 1952, 1215.
[50] L'Humanité, 23 May 1952.
[51] L'Humanité, 19 July 1952.
[52] L'Humanité, 5 September 1952.
[53] Lettres Françaises, 6 June 1952.
[54] Lettres Françaises, 16 July 1952.
[55] Lettres Françaises, 6 June 1952.
[56] Lettres Françaises, 5 July 1952.
[57] Lettres Françaises, 12 July 1952, 22 July 1952.
[58] Journal Officiel, 30 May 1952, 2535, 2536.
[59] Journal Officiel, 30 May 1952, 2537.
[60] Journal Officiel, 30 May 1952, 2536.
[61] Les Etats-Unis, Citation Sondages .