China and Albania: the Cultural Revolution and Cold War Relations

Abstract

During the central decades of the Cold War, China was Albania’s only ally. The aim of this article is to analyse how the Chinese Cultural Revolution affected Sino-Albanian relations. This article argues that the events in China threatened to undermine the Sino-Albanian alliance, because Albania did not endorse most of the Cultural Revolution’s policies, but supported it only for the sake of relations with China and the benefits received from this alliance. In a time when the Cultural Revolution caused enormous difficulties to the Chinese economy, Albania nonetheless received an increasing amount of aid. Based on recently released archives, this case study sheds light on this underexplored Cold War alliance and adds to our understanding of how the Cultural Revolution had implications beyond China’s borders.

Keywords:

• Cold War
• alliances
• China
• Albania
• Cultural Revolution

Acknowledgement

I have a great debt of gratitude with Prof. Han Xiaorong, whose support made possible my research. I wish to thank also Prof. Antonio Varsori, Prof. Niccolò Pianciola, and the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments. I am grateful to my friends Simon Case and Dr. James C. Fellows for the proofreading.

Notes

¹ William E. Griffith, Albania and The Sino-Soviet Rift, (Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1963).

² Minjiang Li, Mao’s China and the Sino-Soviet Split: Ideological Dilemma, (London: Routledge, 2012); Lorenz M. Lüthi, The Sino-Soviet Split: Cold War in the Communist World, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008); Donald S. Zagoria, The Sino-Soviet conflict 1956-1961, (London: Oxford University Press, 1962).

³ Elez Biberaj, Albania and China. A Study of an Unequal Alliance, (Washington: Westview Press, 1986).

⁴ Brantly Womack, China and Vietnam. The Politics of Asymmetry, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 17.

⁵ Barbara Barnouin & Yu Changgen, Chinese Foreign Policy during the Cultural Revolution, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), 66.

⁶ Blendi Fevziu, Enver Hoxha: The Iron Fist of Albania, ed. Robert Elsie, trans. Majlinda Nishku (London: I.B. Tauris, 2016). Enver Hoxha was the Leader (officially the “First Secretary”) of the Communist Party, later called Party of Labour of Albania (PLA). He ruled the country from 1944 until 11 April 1985, the day of his death.

⁷ AQSH, F.14/AP., OU, V.1966, D21, f.400. The main historical documents regarding Sino-Albanian relations are at the Central State Archive, Tirana, [Arkivi Qendror i Shtetit (AQSH)].the Party’s Archive [Arkivi i Partise (AP)], Leading Organs, [Organet Udhëheqëse (OU)] and relations CCP-PLA, [marredheniet PKK-PPSH/AP-MPKK]; Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, (AMPJ) Archive of the Ministry of Defence, [Arkivi Qendror i Ushtrise (AQU)], File = Dosje (D), page = flete (f.).

⁸ Harry Harding, “The Chinese State in Crisis” in The Politics of China. Sixty years of People’s Republic of China, ed. Roderick MacFarquhar (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 147-245.

⁹ Roderick MacFarquhar and Michael Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, (London: The Belknap Press, 2006); Feng Jicai, Ten Years of Madness: Oral Histories of China's Cultural Revolution, (San Francisco: China Books, 1996); Barbara Barnouin and Yu Changgen, Ten Years of Turbulence. The Chinese Cultural Revolution, (New York and London: Kegan Paul International, 1993).

¹⁰ Joel Andreas, Rise of the Red Engineers. The Cultural Revolution and the Origins of China’s New Class, (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009); Paul Clark, The Chinese Cultural Revolution. A History, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008).

¹¹ Yiching Wu, The Cultural Revolution at the Margins. Chinese Socialism in Crisis, (London: Harvard University Press, 2014).

¹² Dongping Han, The Unknown Cultural Revolution. Educational Reforms and Their Impact on China’s Rural Development, (New York: Garland Publishing, 2000), 1.

¹³ Ma Jisen, The Cultural Revolution in the Foreign Ministry of China, (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 2004); Barbara Barnouin & Yu Changgen, Chinese Foreign Policy during the Cultural Revolution, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998); Ying-mao Kau and Christopher J. Szymanski, The Chinese Foreign Ministry Elite and the Cultural Revolution, (Edwardsville, Ill.: Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, 1973); Melvin Gurtov, “The Foreign Ministry and Foreign Affairs during the Cultural Revolution”, The China Quarterly, No. 40, (1969): 65-102.

¹⁴ Top - Secret, Radiogram nr.7438, 30/08/1966, in AMPJ, V.1966, D80, f.2.

¹⁵ Top - Secret, Radiogram nr.4048, 30/08/1966, in AMPJ, V.1966, D80, f.3; Top - Secret, Radiogram nr.4024, 28/08/1966, in AMPJ, V.1966, D80, f. (1) 137.

¹⁶ Ma Jisen, The Cultural Revolution in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China, 72-89, 151-189, 307-349.

¹⁷ People’s Voice [Zëri i Popullit], 27 April 1966, Year (V.,) 25, Nr.99; National Library, [Biblioteka Kombetare (B.K.)] Periodiku, ShG 28/3D.

¹⁸ Zëri i Popullit, 29 April 1966, V.25, Nr.101, Periodiku, ShG 28/3D.

¹⁹ Memorandum of conversation between Mehmet Shehu and Mao Zedong, Beijing, 5 May 1966, in AQSH, F.14, AP-MPKK, V.1966, D3, f.2.

²⁰ Ibid., f.7.

²¹ Ezra F. Vogel, Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China, (Cambridge: Belknap Press, 2011); Ruan Ming, Deng Xiaoping, Chronicle of an Empire, (San Francisco: Westview Press, 1994).

²² AQSH, F.14, AP-MPKK, V.1966, D3, f.18.

²³ Lowell Dittmer, Liu Shaoqi and the Chinese Cultural Revolution, (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1998). Liu Shaoqi was the President of the PRC. He became a target of the Cultural Revolution and died in disgrace in 1969.

²⁴ Roderick MacFarquhar, The Origins of the Cultural Revolution, 3 vols., vol. 2, The Great Leap Forward, 1958-60, (London: Oxford University Press, 1983).

²⁵ Frank Dikӧtter, Mao's great famine: the history of China's most devastating catastrophe, 1958-1962, (New York: Walker & Co, 2010).

²⁶ Mobo Gao, The Battle For China’s Past. Mao & the Cultural Revolution, (London: Pluto Press, 2008), 129.

²⁷ Yiching, The Cultural Revolution at the Margins, 19.

²⁸ Gao, The Battle For China’s Past, 134-136.

²⁹ The play, written by Wu Han in 1960, centred on the figure of Hai Rui, an adviser who dared to criticise his Emperor in the Ming Dynasty. Mao thought that this play was an allegory for the current political situation in China.

³⁰ Yan Jiaqi and Gao Gao, Turbulent Decade. A History of the CR, (Honolulu: University of Hawaii’s Press, 1996), 23-38.

³¹ Memorandum of conversations between the Albanian Prime Minister Mehmet Shehu and the leaders of PRC, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping, Beijing, 28 April – 2 May 1966, in AQSH, F.14, AP-MPKK, V.1966, D2, f.71-72.

³² Transcript of the PLA Politburo meeting, 14 May 1966. Report of comrade Mehmet Shehu… about the visit of the Albanian governmental delegation in China, 28 April – 11 May 1966, in AQSH, F.14/AP., OU, V.1966, D14, f.11-12.

³³ Tai Sung An, The Sino-Soviet Territorial Dispute, (Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1973).

³⁴ Transcript of the talks held on 30 April 1966: “On the causes of the birth of revisionism and restoration of capitalism in USSR, Stalin’s “mistakes”, the class struggle during socialism…” in AQSH, F.14, AP-MPKK, V.1966, D2, f.56.

³⁵ Ibid., f.76.

³⁶ In his report to the Politburo about his visit in China, Mehmet Shehu reported of “high tension” with Zhou Enlai on this issue, AQSH, F.14/AP., OU, V.1966, D14, f.19-25.

³⁷ Talks between comrade Mehmet Shehu, Hysni Kapo, Zhou Enlai and Chen Yi, 11 May 1966, regarding the divergences on the Joint Communiqué, in AQSH, F.14, AP-MPKK, V.1966, D4.

³⁸ The preparative works in Beijing for the Joint Communiqué, drafts, differences and definitive version, in AQSH, F.14, AP-MPKK, V.1966, D5, f. 1-58, and D6, f.1-80.

³⁹ “The Great Ideological and Cultural Socialist Revolution in the People’s Republic of China Goes Ahead Unstoppable” Zëri i Popullit, 21 June 1966, V.25, Nr.147, B.K., Periodiku, ShG 28/3D.

⁴⁰ Ibid.

⁴¹ Wang Shaoguang, Failure of Charisma. The Cultural Revolution in Wuhan, (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1995); Roderick MacFarquhar, The Origins Of The Cultural Revolution, Vol. 1, Contradictions Among The People, 1956-1957, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974), 2. Wang sustains that the situation evolved out of Mao’s control.

⁴² Memorandum of Conversation between the Delegation of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Government of the People’s Republic of China, Led by Comrade Zhou Enlai, and the Leadership of the Party and Government of the People’s Republic of Albania, 24-28 June 1966, in CWIHP, Bulletin 16, (2007/2008): 315.

⁴³ Ibid.

⁴⁴ Talks between Chinese delegation led by Zhou Enlai and leaders of Albania led by Enver Hoxha, Tirana, 24-28 June 1966, in AQSH, F.14, AP-MPKK, V.1966, D13, f.7.

⁴⁵ Jeronim Perović, “The Tito-Stalin Split: A Reassessment in Light of New Evidence”, Journal of Cold War Studies, Vol. 9, No. 2, (2007): 42-57; Leonid Gibianskii, “The Soviet Bloc and the Initial Stage of the Cold War: Archival Documents on Stalin’s Meetings with Communist Leaders of Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, 1946-1948”, CWIHP, Bulletin 10, (1998): 112-118; Richard West, Tito and the Rise and Fall of Yugoslavia, (London: Sinclaire - Stevenson, 1996), 217-228.

⁴⁶ Svetozar Rajak, “The Cold War in the Balkans, 1945-56”, in The Cambridge History Of The Cold War, I. Origins, ed. Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 212.

⁴⁷ Transcript of the Second Plenum of the CC of the PLA's First Congress. Report of Enver Hoxha, 28-30 April 1949, in AQSH, F.14/AP., OU, V.1949, D1, f.6.

⁴⁸ Charles G. Stefan, “The Emergence of the Soviet-Yugoslav Break. A personal View from the Belgrade Embassy”, Diplomatic History, 6, (1982): 387-404; Ernst Halperin, The Triumphant Heretic. Tito’s Struggle against Stalin, (London: Heinemann, 1958), 38.

⁴⁹ Milovan Djilas, Conversations with Stalin, (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 1962), 143; Halperin, The Triumphant Heretic, 62-77; According to Djilas, instead, Stalin affirmed that “We have no special interest in Albania. We agree to Yugoslavia swallow Albania!”. See also Norman Naimark & Leonid Gibianksii, ed., The Establishment of Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe, 1944-1949, (Oxford: Westview Press, 1997), 295-299.

⁵⁰ Report of the meeting of the Albanian Labour Party delegation with Leaders of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 12 November 1960, in CWIHP, Bulletin 16, (2007-2008): 190-195; Jon Halliday, ed., The Artful Albanian. The Memoirs of Enver Hoxha, (London: Chato & Windus, 1986), 143-159, 201-214.

⁵¹ King C. Chen, ed., China and the Three Worlds. A Foreign Policy Reader, (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1979), 13. Zhou Enlai was quoting Mao, who earlier had given to Stalin a grade.

⁵² AQSH, F.14, AP-MPKK, V.1966, D13, f.49-71.

⁵³ Yiching, The Cultural Revolution at the Margins, 34. Although the author affirms that the issue was not new in Marxist theory, for him ‘Mao was perhaps the first communist leader in power’ to tackle this problem, and, quoting Maurice Meisner, he reaffirms that Mao was the first to put his ideas into practice.

⁵⁴ Elidor Mëhilli, “Defying De-Stalinization. Albania’s 1956”, Journal of Cold War Studies, Vol. 13, No. 4, (2011): 4-56. Hoxha had firmly opposed the process of de-Stalinization.

⁵⁵ Zhihua Shen & Yafeng Xia (2014) Leadership transfer in the Asian revolution: Mao Zedong and the Asian Cominform, Cold War History, Vol. 14, No. 2, (2014): 195–213.

⁵⁶ Daniel Tretiak, “China, and the Balkans. The Founding of the Sino-Albanian Entente”, The China Quarterly, No. 10, (1962): 123-143.

⁵⁷ Jeremy Friedman, Shadow Cold War. The Sino-Soviet competition for the Third World, (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2015); Danhui Li and Yafeng Xia, “Jockeying for Leadership. Mao and the Sino-Soviet Split, October 1961–July 1964” Journal of Cold War Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1, (2014): 24-60; Sergey Radchenko, Two Suns In The Heavens. The Sino-Soviet Struggle for Supremacy, 1962-67, (Chicago: Stanford University Press, 2009).

⁵⁸ Niu Jun, “1962: The Eve of the Left Turn in China’s Foreign Policy”, CWIHP, Working Paper No. 48, (2005): 1-36.

⁵⁹ Mingjiang Li, “Ideological Dilemma; Mao’s China and the Sino-Soviet Split 1962–1963,” Cold War History, Vol. 11, No. 3 (2011): 387 – 412; Lüthi, The Sino-Soviet Split.

⁶⁰ Lorenz Lüthi, “From Chiang Kai-shek to Mao. The origins of proletarian diplomacy: The Chinese attack on the American Embassy in the Soviet Union, 4 March 1965”, Cold War History, Vol. 9, No. 3, (2009), 411–426.

⁶¹ Ylli Molla, Guerrillas Made in Albania, (Tirana: Botart, 2016). According to the author, members of illegal organisations from 11 countries received also military training in Albania, among which Laurent Kabila from Congo, and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, who decades later was elected President of Brazil.

⁶² “Communiqué of the 11^th Plenum of the CC of the Chinese Communist Party”, Zëri i Popullit, 16 June 1966, V.25, Nr.196, 4, B.K., Periodiku, ShG 28/4E.

⁶³ “Great historical event in the life of the party and our brothers, the Chinese people”, Zëri i Popullit, 21 August 1966, V.25, Nr.201, B.K., Periodiku, ShG 28/4E.

⁶⁴ Yan & Gao, Turbulent Decade.

⁶⁵ Enver Hoxha, Reflections on China, 1962-1972. Extracts From the Political Diary, (Toronto: Norman Bethune Institute, 1979).

⁶⁶ Elidor Mëhilli, “Mao and the Albanians” in Mao’s Little Red Book. A Global History, ed. Alexander C. Cook, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 173-182. Mëhilli considers this a hypothesis. Throughout this article, in light of new evidence, I retrace some moments analysed here by Mëhilli.

⁶⁷ Hoxha, Reflections on China, 223.

⁶⁸ Ibid., 223-225.

⁶⁹ The most prominent pro-Soviet figure purged was Liri Belishova, who survived to the end of the regime. Although herself a victim, she is the only former communist high official who publicly has apologised for the crimes of the regime.

⁷⁰ Top-Secret, Transcript of the PLA Politburo meeting, 10 October 1966: “Remarks of Enver Hoxha on the Chinese Cultural Revolution”, in AQSH, F.14/AP., OU, V.1966, D21, f.376-408.

⁷¹ Ibid., f.376; Hoxha’s speech about the Cultural Revolution to the Plenum of PLA, in AQSH, F.14/AP., OU, V.1966, D4.

⁷² AQSH, F.14/AP., OU, V.1966, D21, f.379.

⁷³ The first time had been in October 1964 when, after Khrushchev was overthrown, Chinese leaders attempted a rapprochement of both China and Albania with Soviet Union. In, Radiogram of the Albanian ambassador in China, Nesti Nase, to the Secretary of the PLA, Hysni Kapo, informing on his meeting with Zhou Enlai, 29.10.1964, in AQSH, F.14, AP-MPKK, V. 1964, D39; Records of the PLA Politburo, 31/X/1964, in AQSH, F.14, OU, V.1964, D13, f.29.

⁷⁴ Ibid., f.380; In May 1966, during Shehu’s visit to China, Liu Shaoqi admitted that “After the coming of revisionism to power in Yugoslavia we did not give that much importance, because we thought it was an isolated case, not a general phenomenon. Just when the revisionism came to power in Soviet Union it made us reflect deeper”. In AQSH, F.14, AP-MPKK, V.1966, D2, f.70.

⁷⁵ During these talks China had considered that some territories taken from the USSR to China during the last phases of the Second World War, were a continuation of the Tsarist policies of Russia, when the Unequal Treaties had been imposed to China, in AQSH, F.14/AP., OU, V.1966, D21, f.381.

⁷⁶ Ibid.

⁷⁷ Ibid.

⁷⁸ During a meeting in 1976 with Behar Shtylla, then Albanian ambassador in Beijing, Li Yimen mentioned China’s annual financial aid of $500,000 to finance small revolutionary communist parties through Albania, in AQSH, F.14, AP-MPKK, V.1976, D11; AQSH, F.14/AP., OU: V.1967, D23 (Top-Secret) & D24, f.5-9; V.1969, D24; V.1970, D31; V.1972, D26, f.5-9.

⁷⁹ AQSH, F.14/AP., OU, V.1966, D21, f.380.

⁸⁰ Ibid., f.391.

⁸¹ Ibid., f.397-398.

⁸² Ibid., f.399-401.

⁸³ Gao, The Battle For China’s Past, 15-30, 97-115. Gao credits the same period with the conservation of old monuments, and even with new discoveries like the famous Terracotta Army.

⁸⁴ Transcript of the PLA Politburo meeting, 9 February 1966, in AQSH, F.14/AP., OU, V.1966, D9, f.38-40.

⁸⁵ Ibid.

⁸⁶ John Byron and Robert Pack, The Claws of the Dragon: Kang Sheng, the Evil Genius behind Mao and his Legacy of Terror in People's China, (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992).

⁸⁷ Memorandum of conversation between Enver Hoxha and Kang Sheng…, Tirana, 28 October 1966, in AQSH, F.14, AP-MPKK, V.1966, D31, f.1-24.

⁸⁸ Memorandum of conversation between Enver Hoxha and Zhou Enlai in Tirana, 27-29 March 1965. Second meeting 28 March, in AQSH, F.14, AP-MPKK, V.1965, D4, f.44.

⁸⁹ Notes from Kang’s speech during the reception in Tirana on 30 October 1966, in AQSH, F.14, AP-MPKK, V.1966, D32, f.2.

⁹⁰ Nicholas Pano, “The Albanian Cultural Revolution” Problems of Communism, 23, 4, (1974): 44-57.

⁹¹ This was the official terminology used by the regime.

⁹² Joint Meeting of the party’s base-organisations of the coal mines of Krraba, of the plant “Enver”, of the agricultural commune “Wilhelm Pieck”, of the military garrison nr. 5009, and the State University of Tirana. Comrade Enver Hoxha, First Secretary of the PLA CC, discusses the topic: <<THE FURTHER REVOLUTIONISATION OF THE PARTY AND THE POWER>>, Zëri i Popullit, 7 February, 1967, V.26, Nr.32, p.1, Periodiku, B.K., SHG 32/1B.

⁹³ Top-Secret, 27 February 1967, Letter of the Ministry of Education and Culture sent to the district party committees, AQSH, F.511, V.1967, D20, f.10.

⁹⁴ Memorandum of conversation between Enver Hoxha and Kang Sheng…, Tirana, 9 November 1966, in AQSH, F.14, AP-MPKK, V.1966, D33, f.3-5.

⁹⁵ Hoxha, Reflections on China, 263.

⁹⁶ AQSH, F.14, AP-MPKK, V.1966, D33, f.3-5.

⁹⁷ Ibid., f.1-13.

⁹⁸ Files regarding the Cultural Revolution for comrades Enver Hoxha, Hysni Kapo, Mehmet Shehu and Ramiz Alia, in AQSH, F.14, AP-MPKK, V.1966, D43.

⁹⁹ Tirana, Top-Secret, Radiogram nr.4955 & 4956, 19 November 1966, in AMPJ, V.1966, D72, f.78.

¹⁰⁰ Ibid.

¹⁰¹ “The long march is our oath to the Standing Committee of the party and Chairman Mao Zedong”, Zëri i Popullit, 20 November 1966, V.25 Nr.280, B. K., Periodiku, ShG 29/3C.

¹⁰² “Be Taken to the End the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. Editorial of Renminribao and Red Flag”, Zëri i Popullit, 5 January 1967, V.26, Nr.4, 3, B. K., SHG 32/1B.

¹⁰³ “Our working Class is in solidarity with the revolutionary workers of Shanghai”, Zëri i Popullit, 5 January 1967, V.26, Nr.13, 3, B. K., SHG 32/1B.

¹⁰⁴ “Salute to the revolutionary workers of Shanghai that keeps high the red flag of Mao Zedong’s thought”, Zëri i Popullit, 24 January 1967, V.26, Nr.20, 3, B. K., SHG 32/1B.

¹⁰⁵ Mëhilli, “Mao and the Albanians” in Mao’s Little Red Book, 165-184.

¹⁰⁶ Ministry of Trade – Agreement between the government of Albania and the government of China, regarding the loan China provides to Albania in the field of the oil extraction industry, in AQSH, F.503, V.1966, D95. The loan was in addition to the loans China had approved for Albania’s five-year plan 1966-70.

¹⁰⁷ Transcript of the PLA Politburo meeting, 19 December 1966, in AQSH, F.14/AP., OU, V.1966, D23, f.259.

¹⁰⁸ Top-Secret, Transcript of the PLA Politburo meeting, 15 February 1967, ‘Report of comrade Hysni Kapo and Beqir Balluku on the results of the military delegation headed by Beqir Balluku that visited China’, in AQSH, F.14/AP., OU, V.1967, D5.

¹⁰⁹ Ministry of Trade – ‘Information of our trade office in Beijing about the situation of the industrial projects of the fourth five-year plan and the expanding capacities, the contracting duties for the importation of these plants and the correspondence between the Ministry of Trade and other institutions,’ in AQSH, F.503, V.1967, D97.

¹¹⁰ AQSH, F.14, AP-MPKK, V.1967: Talks Kapo – Kang Sheng, 26 January 1967, in D2; Talks Kang Sheng – Kapo, 29 January 1967, in D3; Talks Kapo – Kang Sheng, 1 February1967, in D4; Meeting Kapo - Mao, 3 February 1967 in D6.

¹¹¹ Transcript of the conversation between the Chairman Mao and Hysni Kapo in Beijing, 3 February 1967, in AQSH, F.14, AP-MPKK, V.1967, D6, f.15.

¹¹² Ibid., f.12.

¹¹³ Ibid ., f.14-15.

¹¹⁴ Top-Secret, Transcript of the PLA Politburo meeting, 15 February 1967. ‘Report of Comrade Hysni Kapo and Beqir Balluku about their visit in China,’ in AQSH, F14/AP., OU, V.1967, D5, f.3.

¹¹⁵ Ibid., f.7.

¹¹⁶ Ibid., f.21-24.

¹¹⁷ Ibid., f.3.

¹¹⁸ Transcript of the Second Plenum of the CC of the Fifth Congress of PLA, 15-16 June 1967. Report by Enver Hoxha: “On the Further Development of the Chinese Cultural Revolution”, in AQSH, F.14/AP., OU, V.1967, D1.

¹¹⁹ Transcript of the PLA Politburo meeting, 18 October 1967, ‘Report by comrade Mehmet Shehu about his visit in China,’ in AQSH, F.14/AP., OU, V.1967, D15, f.2-30.

¹²⁰ Files of the Albanian governmental economic delegation in China (17 September – 19 November 1968), in AQSH, F.14, AP-MPKK, V.1968, D4, f.16.

¹²¹ Ibid., f.20.

¹²² Transcript of the PLA Politburo, 10 December 1968, ‘On the results of the talks of the governmental economic delegation of Albania that visited China, reported by comrade Adil Çarçani,’ in AQSH, F.14/AP., OU, V.1968, D15, f.275.

¹²³ AQSH, F.14/AP., OU, V.1967, D1, f.206.

¹²⁴ Ibid.

¹²⁵ Ibid., f.212.