![Sample our Politics & International Relations journals, sign in here to start your FREE access for 14 days]({"type":"image" , "src" : "/sda/5947/TOC-Subject-Sample-2021-Politics-International-Relations.jpg"})
ABSTRACT
Numerous rallies, gatherings and occupations in public squares of large cities have occurred since 2010. They constitute a new guideline to new social movements, which embrace a transformation in public spaces through interaction, shared experience and art so that a collective energy is generated within a given context and time. They therefore propose an alternative form of acting and living together in the light of the equality of all individuals involved. The re-creation of this new active citizenship, both individually and collectively, is also highly connected with the appropriation of a performative repertoire of action within everyday life. This paper focuses on the active, yet unorganized participation of Turkish citizens across the country to the protestation and/or performance of the Standing Man. Standing still and silent offers thus a performative action, which has become collective through social networks. This unpredicted act has been a pioneer in terms of the transformation of a singular creative intervention to a collective performative action.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.
Notes
1. See Tilly, La France conteste de 1600 à nos jours for his notion of ‘repertoire of contention,’ which refers to a set of shared means (tools or action) in a protest movement.
2. See Touraine, La Voix et le Regard; Melucci, L’invenzione del Presente; and Offe, “New Social Movements.”
3. See Neveu, Sociologie des Mouvements Sociaux.
4. Touraine, “An Introduction,” 778.
5. Ibid., 780.
6. Melucci, “A Strange Kind of Newness,” 114.
7. Ibid.
8. See Melucci, “The Symbolic Challenge”; “A Strange Kind of Newness.”
9. See Offe, “New Social Movements.” ‘Political paradigm’ is a notion which is borrowed and redefined by Offe from Joachim Raschke.
10. Ibid., 829.
11. Ibid., 826, 832.
12. Ibid., 831.
13. See Alvarez, “Beyond NGO-ization?”
14. See Roy, “Public Power.”
15. See Jad, “The NGOisation of Arab Women’s Movements”; Roy, “Public Power”; Alvarez, “Beyond NGO-ization?”; Jad, “NGOs.”
16. See Roy, “Public Power.”
17. Ibid.
18. Alvarez, “Beyond NGO-ization?” 176.
19. Jad, “NGOs,” 627.
20. Wieviorka, “After New Social Movements.”
21. Pleyers, Alter-Globalization.
22. Ibid. ; see Pleyers, “The Global Justice Movement.”
23. Wieviorka, “After New Social Movements,” 11.
24. See Glasius and Pleyers, “The Global Moment of 2011.”
25. Touraine, Le Nouveau Siècle Politique, 11.
26. Ibid., 181.
27. Hardt and Negri, Declaration, 4.
28. See Ogien and Laugier. Le Principe Démocratie and Castells, Khosrokhovar, and Touraine, “L’unité des Grandes Contestations Contemporaines.”
29. Hardt and Negri, Declaration, 4–5.
30. Glasius and Pleyers, “The Global Moment of 2011,” 554.
31. See Wieviorka, “After New Social Movements.”
32. Castells, Networks of Outrage and Hope, 4.
33. See Castells, Khosrokhovar, and Touraine. “L’unité des Grandes Contestations Contemporaines.”
34. See Juris, “Reflections on #Occupy Everywhere.”
35. See Castells, Networks of Outrage and Hope.
36. Juris, “Reflections on #Occupy Everywhere,” 260.
37. See Park, Lim, and Park, “Comparing Twitter and YouTube Networks in Information Diffusion.”
38. See Tuğal, “Resistance Everywhere”; Capitaine and Pleyers , ed. Mouvements Sociaux; Özkırımlı, ed. The Making.
39. See Yörük and Yüksel, “Class and Politics.”
40. See Özatalay, “Gezi Direnişi.”
41. Ibid.
42. See Yörük and Yüksel, “Class and Politics.”
43. See Tuğal, “Resistance Everywhere.”
44. Derman, “Un Stand-in Créateur des Contre-publics.”
45. The Municipality of Istanbul announced the Taksim pedestrianization project in 2007, though the construction work began on 31 October 2012.
46. Taksim Dayanışması (Taksim Solidarity) includes more than 100 NGOs and associations http://taksimdayanisma.org/?lang=en
47. Gambetti, “Occupy Gezi,” 90.
48. See note 44 above.
49. Ogien and Laugier. Le Principe Démocratie, 7.
50. European Commission Turkey 2013 Progress Report, p. 11. http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2013/package/brochures/turkey_2013.pdf
51. Chomsky, Occupy.
52. Ibid., 45.
53. See Marshall, Citizenship and Social Class.
54. Mansouri and Kirpitchenko, “Practices of Active Citizenship,” 311; Turner, “Outline of a Theory of Citizenship.”
55. Soysal, Limits of Citizenship.
56. Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship.
57. Linklater, Critical Theory and World Politics.
58. Bryony, “Draft Framework for Indicators on Active Citizenship.”
59. Ibid. and see Mascherini and Hoskins, “The Characterization of Active Citizenship.”
60. See Putnam, Bowling Alone.
61. Meehan, “Active Citizenship,” 115.
62. Zaff et al., “Active and Engaged Citizenship,” 737.
63. Barrett and Zani, “Political and Civic Engagement,” 5.
64. Ibid., 8–9.
65. Ekman and Amnå, “Political Participation.”
66. Ibid., 287.
67. Austin, How to Do Things with Words.
68. See Goffman, The Presentation of Self.
69. Spielmann, “L’événement-spectacle.”
70. See Schechner, Performance Theory, and Schechner, Performance Studies.
71. Schechner, Performance Studies, 38.
72. See Butler, Gender Trouble.
73. Butler cited in Schechner, Performance Studies, 151.
74. Göle, “Gezi – Anatomy of a Public Square,” 12.
75. Yalçıntaş, “Intellectual Disobedience in Turkey,” 19. The concept of “action art” mentioned by Yalçıntaş in his text is taken from Pavlina Morganova, who uses the term as a form of expression under the political suppression of Cold War.
76. Rockhill, Radical History, 225.
77. Ibid., 226.
78. Ibid.
79. See Scholl, “Bakunin’s Poor Cousins.”
80. See Knabb, ed. Situationist International Anthology.
81. See Bey, T.A.Z. Temporary Autonomous Zone.
83. See http://www.taniabruguera.com and http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/miranda/la-et-cam-artist-tania-bruguera-detained-cuba-20141231-column.html
86. See Paillé and Mucchielli, L’Analyse Qualitative.
87. Ibid., 61: ‘The meaning can be defined as the human experience (real or imagined), which may be related to an utterance (word or set of words) that allows the understanding.’
88. See Gadamer, Vérité et Méthode.
89. Ameigeiras, “L’herméneutique,” 39–40.
90. See Kaufmann, L’entretien Compréhensif.
91. See Bourdieu, “L’illusion Biographique.”
92. See Bonilla and Rosa, “#Ferguson.”
93. An example of the formula used for the research: #duranadam since: 2013-06-17 until 3013-06-18 :) include: retweets.
94. http://www.erdemgunduz.org (artist’s website) and see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hQ1vRjJHWZE video on You Tube for the beginning of the protest of Standing Man.
95. See Banko and Babaoğlan, Gezi Parkı; “The Gezi Park Incident Evaluation Report,” SiegeArts, https://siegearts.com/reports/tr/geziparki/index_en.php; “Gezi Olayları Sosyal Medya Analizi,” July 8, 2013, http://insightradar.com/tr/gezi-olaylari-sosyal-medya-analizi/; and “Gezi Direnişinin Ekşi Sözlükteki Yansımaları”, July 23, 2013, https://ssgpp.wordpress.com/2013/07/23/gezi-direnisinin-eksi-sozlukteki-yansimalari/
96. Yıldırım and Ural, “Duran Adam Salgını”; “Toma’ya karşı Duran Adam,” Radikal, June 19, 2013, http://www.radikal.com.tr/turkiye/tomaya-karsi-duran-adam-1138271/; “Herkes Duran Adamı Konuşuyor” [Everybody Talks About Standing Man], Milliyet, June 18, 2013, http://www.milliyet.com.tr/herkes-duran-adam-i-konusuyor-/gundem/detay/1724339/default.htm; Tüysüz, Penhaul, and Lee, “Hundreds of Turks”; and 140journos tweet, June 18, 2013, 5:26 a.m.; https://twitter.com/140journos/status/346816032985473025; “Duran İstanbul … Taksim’de Gece boyu Durma Eylemi” [Standing Istanbul … Standing Act in Taksim through the Night], http://www.radikal.com.tr/turkiye/duran-istanbul-taksimde-gece-boyu-durma-eylemi-1138079/. See also note 104,105 and 125.
97. “Meclis’te Duran Adam Eylemi,” NTV, June 18, 2013, http://www.ntv.com.tr/turkiye/mecliste-duran-adam-eylemi,qZzA3rE0-0ytKpl-nC2RJA?_ref=infinite and “MHP Grup Başkanvekili Vural’ın Basın Toplantısı,” MeclisHaber, June 19, 2013, http://www.meclishaber.gov.tr/develop/owa/haber_portal.aciklama?p1=125673.
98. “AB Toplantısında ‘Duran Adam’ Eylemi,” Radikal, June 20, 2013, http://www.radikal.com.tr/dunya/ab-toplantisinda-duran-adam-eylemi-1138467/
99. “Duran Adam’in Antitezi Sokağa Çıktı!”, Radikal, June 19, 2013, http://www.radikal.com.tr/turkiye/duran-adamin-antitezi-sokaga-cikti-1138289/
100. Interview with Erdem Gündüz, Istanbul, 03.01.2015.
101. Roffino, “How One Turkish Artist’s.”
102. Güllü, “Duran Adam.”
103. Tunç, “#Standing Man.”
104. BBC News, “Turkey’s ‘Standing Man’ Silent Protest Spreads,” June 18, 2013. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-22962526
105. Democracy Now, “Defiant Turkish Demonstrators,”; Seymour, “Turkey’s ‘Standing Man.’”
106. Hürriyet Daily News, “Standing Man Inspires a New Type of Civil Disobedience in Turkey,” June 18, 2013.
107. See note 100 above.
108. Ibid.
109. Sharp, Sharp’s Dictionary, 282.
110. See note 100 above.
111. See Gandhi, Non-violence in Peace & War Vol.I.
112. See Sharp, “The Meanings of Non-violence.”
113. See Hardman, “Towards a History.”
114. See note 100 above.
115. Gündüz, Speech in Oslo Freedom Forum.
116. See Hannula, The Politics of Small Gestures.
117. Ibid., 7.
118. See Citton, Renverser l’insoutenable.
119. Ibid., 144.
120. See note 100 above.
121. Ibid.
122. See Scholl, “Bakunin’s Poor Cousins.”
123. See Citton, Renverser l’insoutenable.
124. See Bauman, La vie liquide.
125. See Sendika.org, “Direnişin Yeni Simgesi #duranadam ve #durankadınlar çoğalıyor” [The New Symbol of Resistance #standingmen and #standingwomen Multiply], June 18, 2013, http://sendika10.org/2013/06/direnisin-yeni-simgesi-duranadam/; The Guardian, “Turkey’s ‘Standing People’ Protest spreads amid Erdoğan’s crackdown,” June 18, 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/18/turkey-taksim-standing-protests-erdogan and The Independent, “Turkey’s ‘Standing Man’ Captured Attention, but Protest doesn’t Stand Still – It forms Assemblies,” June 25, 2013, http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/turkeys-standing-man-captured-attention-but-protest-doesnt-stand-still-it-forms-assemblies-8672456.html
126. See Gambetti, “Failed Coup Attempt.”
127. See the official site of Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, “National Will is the Strongest Antidote to Coup,” July 22, 2016, https://www.tccb.gov.tr/en/news/542/49722/national-will-is-the-strongest-antidote-to-coup.html and “Tekbir Eşliğinde Demokrasi Nöbeti” [Democracy Watch accompanied with Allahuekber], Cumhuriyet, July 16, 2016, http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/turkiye/568682/Tekbir_esliginde__demokrasi__nobeti..._Meydanlar_ayakta.html
128. See Çubukçu, “It’s Will of the Turkish People.”
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Özge Derman
Özge Derman is currently a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Arts and Languages at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS Paris). She is a member of the Centre de Recherches sur les Arts et le Langage (CRAL). She received her first B.A. degree in Design from the Nuova Accademia di Belle Arti of Milan and her second B.A. degree in Dance from Yildiz Teknik University. She holds a M.A. degree in Sociology from Galatasaray University and a second M.A. degree in Social Sciences from the Department of Art and Languages, EHESS. Her PhD project focuses on artistic expressions in occupy movements and is supervised by Esteban Buch, Director of Studies at EHESS.