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ABSTRACT
The Turkish healthcare system has been transformed in the 2000s by adopting a comprehensive health model – the so-called Turkish Model. Although Europeanization dynamics were effective in Turkey in recent decades due to the acceleration of European Union (EU) accession process after 1999, healthcare reforms demonstrate a distinct process. This article analyzes the factors behind the health transformation through employing a policy transfer framework. It argues that a parallel process of health-policy transfer with Europeanization in other areas emerged in Turkey, and rather than the EU push, the Turkish healthcare model was a result of voluntary engagement for eliminating problems in this domain.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.
Notes on contributor
Gözde Yilmaz is an assistant professor at Atılım University in Ankara Turkey. She completed her Ph.D. in Berlin Graduate School for Transnational Studies (BTS), Free University Berlin. She has a BA in International Relations from Hacettepe University and an MA in International Studies (European Integration) from University of Birmingham. In her Ph.D. project, she studied external Europeanization theories and Turkey’s minority rights policy and put forward an interactive theoretical framework for external Europeanization. Her further research interests are European integration, Europeanization theories, external Europeanization, EU enlargement policy, European Neighbourhood Policy, Europeanization of Turkey, EU–Turkey Relations, and EU–Ukraine Relations.
Notes
1. Yilmaz, “EU Conditionality.”
2. Ibid.; Tekin and Güney, The Europeanization of Turkey; Börzel and Soyaltın, “Europeanization in Turkey.”
3. Kaliber, “Contextual and Contexted”; Yilmaz, “EU Conditionality”; Yilmaz and Soyaltin, “Zooming into the ‘Domestic’.”
4. Yilmaz, “EU Conditionality.”
5. Erol and Özdemir, “Health Reforms,” 10.
6. Ibid., 10–11.
7. Evans, “Policy Transfer in Critical Perspective,” 7.
8. Bulmer et al., “Policy Transfer in European Union Governance,” 6, 190.
9. Ibid., 190.
10. Greer, “Uninvited Europeanization,” 139–40.
11. TMoH, “Health Transformation Programme,” 20.
12. Yilmaz, “EU Conditionality.”
13. Dolowitz and Marsh, “Who Learns What from Whom,” 344; Evans, “Policy Transfer in Critical Perspective,” 6–7.
14. Ibid.; Benson and Jordan, “What Have We Learned”; Dolowitz and Marsh, “Learning from Abroad.”
15. Dolowitz and Marsh, “Who Learns What from Whom,” 345, 349–50; Evans, “Policy Transfer in Critical Perspective,” 7; Stone, “Non-governmental Policy Transfer,” 45–6.
16. Benson and Jordan, “What Have We Learned,” 371; Dolowitz and Marsh, “Who Learns What from Whom,” 351, “Learning from Abroad,” 13; Rose, “What Is Lesson-Drawing?” 21–2.
17. Bender et al., “The Role of International Policy Transfer”; Dolowitz and Marsh, “Who Learns What from Whom,” “Learning from Abroad”; Evans, “Policy Transfer in Critical Perspective.”
18. Bender et al., “The Role of International Policy Transfer,” 11; Dolowitz and Marsh, “Learning from Abroad,” 13; Evans, “Policy Transfer in Critical Perspective,” 8.
19. Dolowitz and Marsh, “Learning from Abroad,” 14; Rose, “What Is Lesson-Drawing?” 12;“Lesson-Drawing,” 61.
20. Rose, “What Is Lesson-Drawing?” 11.
21. Ibid., 12.
22. Dolowitz and Marsh, “Learning from Abroad,” 13.
23. Bulmer et al., “Policy Transfer in European Union Governance,” 14.
24. Benson and Jordan, “What Have We Learned,” 370; Dolowitz and Marsh, “Who Learns What from Whom,” 348.
25. Bender et al., “The Role of International Policy Transfer,” 11; Bulmer et al., “Policy Transfer in European Union Governance,” 15; Dolowitz and Marsh, “Learning from Abroad,” 13–15; Evans, “Policy Transfer in Critical Perspective,” 8.
26. Bulmer et al., “Policy Transfer in European Union Governance,” 15; Dolowitz and Marsh, “Learning from Abroad,” 15.
27. Evans, “Policy Transfer in Critical Perspective,” 8.
28. Dolowitz and Marsh, “Learning from Abroad,” 11; Marsh and Sharman, “Policy Diffusion and Policy Transfer,” 272.
29. Marsh and Sharman, “Policy Diffusion and Policy Transfer,” 271.
30. Dolowitz and Marsh, “Learning from Abroad,” 13.
31. Benson and Jordan, “What Have We Learned,” 366–7.
32. OECD, “Turkey”; Sülkü, “Türkiye’de Sağlıkta Dönüşüm.”
33. OECD, “Turkey,” 40; Sülkü, “Türkiye’de Sağlıkta Dönüşüm,” 4.
34. OECD, “Turkey,” 41–2; TMoH, “Sağlıkta Dönüşüm,” 10.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. OECD, “Turkey,” 41; TMoH, “Sağlıkta Dönüşüm,” 24.
38. TMoH, “Türkiye Sağlıkta Dönüşüm Değerlendirme Raporu (2003–2010),” 24; Demirci, “Transformation in the Organizational,” 170.
39. Ibid.
40. TMoH, “Türkiye Sağlıkta Dönüşüm Değerlendirme Raporu (2003–2010),” 24.
41. TMoH, “Türkiye Sağlıkta Dönüşüm Değerlendirme Raporu (2003–2010),” 21; WHO, “Successful Health System Reforms,” 12.
42. TMoH, “Sağlıkta Dönüşüm,” 27–37, “Nereden Nereye,” 17.
43. Erol and Özdemir, “Health Reforms,” 16–17; TMoH, “Türkiye Sağlıkta Dönüşüm Değerlendirme Raporu (2003–2010),” 63–8.
44. TMoH, “Nereden Nereye,” 79.
45. Demirci, “Transformation in the Organizational,” 59–72; Nolte, McKee, and Wait, “Describing and Evaluating,” 15–20.
46. Uğurluoğlu and Özgen, “Sağlık Hizmetleri,” 140.
47. Demirci, “Transformation in the Organizational,” 69; Uğurluoğlu and Özgen, “Sağlık Hizmetleri,” 141.
48. Saltman and Dubois, “The Historical and Social Base,” 24.
49. Lee et al., “The National Health,” 109; Nolte, McKee, and Wait, “Describing and Evaluating,” 12.
50. Demirci, “Transformation in the Organizational,” 66; Nolte, McKee, and Wait, “Describing and Evaluating,” 12.
51. Demirci, “Transformation in the Organizational,” 67–8.
52. Lee et al., “The National Health,” 109.
53. Ibid.; Demirci, “Transformation in the Organizational,” 71.
54. Demirci, “Transformation in the Organizational,” 231–2.
55. Ibid., 231.
56. Akdağ, “Lessons from Health.”
57. TMoH, “Türkiye Sağlıkta Dönüşüm İlerleme Raporu,” 7.
58. Rose, “Lesson-Drawing,” 61.
59. Ibid.
60. Ibid., 50.
61. E.g. TMoH, “Türkiye Sağlıkta Dönüşüm İlerleme Raporu,” “Health Transformation Programme,” “Türkiye Sağlıkta Dönüşüm Değerlendirme Raporu (2003–2010).”
62. TMoH, “Health Transformation Programme,” 27.
63. TMoH, “Türkiye Sağlıkta Dönüşüm İlerleme Raporu,” 26–7.
64. Johansen, “Strategic Planning”; OECD, “How Does Turkey Compare?”
65. Johansen, “Strategic Planning,” 3.
66. Ibid.
67. Because such problems are already discussed before, no further detail is given here.
68. TMoH, “Türkiye Sağlıkta Dönüşüm Değerlendirme Raporu (2003–2011),” 79–85.
69. These references are randomly illustrated in the article.
70. JDP Election Manifesto, 2002, 2007; JDP Group Meeting Speech (JDPGMS), April 11, 2006; 59th Government Programme, 2003.
71. 59th Government Programme (2003).
72. GNAT, 2002, 2004a, 2007a, 2009, 2010a.
73. GNAT, 2005a.
74. GNAT, 2009.
75. GNAT, 2003a, 2004a, 2005a, 2007a, 2010a.
76. Ulusa Sesleniş (Address to the Nation-AtN), January 2005, December 2008, January 2010; JDPGMS, April 18, 2006, March 11, 2008, January 12, 2010.
77. JDPGMS, April 18, 2006.
78. AtN, March 2006.
79. E.g. AtN, January 2005, September 2008; JDPGMS, January 6, 2009.
80. GNAT, 2005b.
81. AtN, December 2007, January 2010; GNAT, 2005a, 2007b; JDPGMS, March 11, 2008, January 12, 2010.
82. AtN, May 2003, January 2010; GNAT, 2004b, 2010a; JDPGMS, April 11, 2006, November 11, 2008.
83. GNAT, 2005c.
84. JDPGMS, February 15, 2005.
85. E.g. AtN, March 2006, September 2008; GNAT, 2003a, 2005b, 2007c, 2010b; JDPGMS, April 11, 2006, March 11, 2008.
86. GNAT, 2002.
87. AtN, September 2008; GNAT, 2003b, 2005d.
88. GNAT, 2005c.
89. GNAT, 2005d.
90. GNAT, 2003b.
91. AtN, May 2004.
92. GNAT, 2007c.
93. AtN, September 2008.
94. TMoH, “Türkiye Sağlıkta Dönüşüm Değerlendirme Raporu (2003–2010),” 24.
95. Yilmaz, “EU Conditionality,” 312.
96. Türk Tabipleri Birliği, “Genel Sağlık Sigortası.”
97. Ayata and Tütüncü, “Critical Acts,” 464.
98. Akdağ, “Lessons from Health,” 6.
99. Ibid.
100. GNAT, 2003a.
101. JDPGMS, June 24, 2008.
102. GNAT, 2004b.