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ABSTRACT
In view of Turkey’s increasing distance from the European Union (EU), the continued partial alignment with EU standards is often attributed either to domestic factors, or to diffusion processes induced by external actors other than the EU. Against this background, in this special issue, we explore the extent to which reforms in Turkey’s environment and energy policy are (still) influenced by the EU. This introduction briefly reviews the Turkey related Europeanisation literature and previews the articles in this special issue.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Notes on contributors
Alexander Bürgin is Associate Professor and Head of the EU Research Center at the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Izmir University of Economics, Turkey. He was Jean Monnet Chair between 2015 and 2018. He has published on EU topics and EU-Turkey relations in journals such as Public Administration, Journal of Common Market Studies, Journal of European Public Policy, Turkish Studies, South European Society and Politics, Journal of European Integration, European Integration Online Papers, German Politics, and Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies.
Kai Oppermann is Professor of International Politics at the Chemnitz University of Technology. His research centers on the domestic sources of foreign policy and international politics with a particular focus on British and German foreign policy. He won a Marie Curie Fellowship for a project on European integration referendums in 2010/11. His work has been published in journals such as European Journal of International Relations, West European Politics, Foreign Policy Analysis, British Journal of Politics and International Relations and Journal of International Relations and Development. He is an associate editor of the Oxford Encyclopedia of Foreign Policy Analysis (2018).
Notes
1 Aydın-Düzgit and Kaliber, “Encounters with Europe”; Cengiz and Hoffmann, “Rethinking Conditionality”; Nas and Özer, “Turkey and the European Union”; Yilmaz, “Domestic Drivers.”
2 Cengiz and Hoffmann, “Rethinking Conditionality”; Müftüler-Baç, ”Turkey’s Political Reforms”; and Sofos, “Reluctant Europeans?”
3 Öniş, “Contesting for Turkey’s political centre.”
4 Aydın-Düzgit and Kaliber, “Encounters with Europe,” 1; Aydın-Düzgit and Noutcheva, “Lost in Europeanization,” 68; Kubicek, “Political Conditionality,” 910; and Yilmaz, “Domestic Drivers,” 303.
5 Parker, “Cosmopolitan Europe,” 1090.
6 Szolucha, “Enlargement Fatigue.”
7 Braun and Tausendfund, “Citizens’ Support.”
8 Saz, “Turkophobia.”
9 Aydın-Düzgit and Noutcheva, “Lost in Europeanization.”
10 Kalaycıoğlu, “Kulturkampf in Turkey.”
11 Özbudun, “AKP at the Crossroads,” and Kaliber, “Europeanization in Turkey.”
12 Demirtaş-Baddonas, Turkey’s Foreign Policy”; Yeşiltaş, “Transformation of Geopolitical Vision.”
13 Börzel and Soyaltın, “Europeanization in Turkey,” 11, and Öniş and Yılmaz, “Between Europeanization and Euro-Asianism,” 7.
14 Öner, “Internal factors” and Usul, “EU Turkey Relations.”
15 Avci, “Justice and Development Party”; Börzel and Soyaltın, “Europeanization in Turkey”; Öniş, “Contesting for Turkey’s political centre”; Saatçioğlu, “The Primacy of Domestic Politics”; and Yilmaz, “Domestic Drivers.”
16 Tocci, “Trigger or Anchor ?”.
17 Kaliber, “Reassessing Europeanization,” 58.
18 Schimmelfennig and Sedelmeier, “The Europeanization of Central and Eastern Europe,” 10.
19 Dolowitz and Marsh, “Learning from Abroad,” 7.
20 Checkel, “International Institutions” and Sabatier, “Policy Change over a Decade.”
21 Busch and Jörgens, “International Patterns,” 929, and Lenschow, “Environmental Policy Integration,” 225.
22 Andova, “Europeanization of Environmental Policy,”135.
23 Zito, “The European Union as Environmental Leader,” 372.
24 Yildirim et al., “Europeanization under Membership Uncertainty,” 133.
25 Alkan-Olsson and Alkan-Olsson, “Turkey’s signature,” and Şirin and Ege, “Turkey’s Renewable Energy Policy.”
26 Izci, “Europeanization of Turkish environmental policy.”
27 Carafa, “Domestically driven.”
28 Yildirim et al., “Europeanization under Membership Uncertainty,” 144.
29 Unalan and Cowell, “Europeanization, Strategic Environmental Assessment.”
30 European Commission, “Turkey Report,” 87.
31 Ibid., 87.
32 European Environment Agency, “Turkey Briefing.”