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Acknowledgements
I would like to thank to and acknowledge the inspiring editor of Turkish Studies, Paul Kubicek, who went through my proposal carefully and provided critical inputs throughout the whole process. I am also grateful for the wise remarks and constructive points raised by the anonymous reviewer. They contributed dearly to this article while giving its final shape. In addition, I am indebted to Kürşat Çınar for his both help and politeness in lending me the copy of his book. I would also like to extend my appreciation for Barış Ünlü’s encouraging feedback. I dedicate this relatively short article to Prof Niyazi Kızılyürek who initially encouraged me to write a PhD thesis on Turkey. Besides supervising my PhD studies for one year, he stood out as an exemplary supervisor by generously sharing his abundant wealth of knowledge and insights about Turkey. Throughout his prolific academic career, Prof Kızılyürek authored various seminal books on nationalism and the Cyprus conflict. Hence, this review article may also be considered as a humble appreciation of his lifetime work.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.
Notes on contributor
Bilge Azgın is an Assistant Professor at the Politics Department at the Near East University, Cyprus. One of his research area entails Turkish Politics within the wider comparative theoretical context on democratization, autocratization, hybrid regimes, nationalism, secularism, populism and minority rights.
Notes
1 Lührmann and Lindberg, “A Third Wave of Autocratization is Here.”
2 Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy.
3 Dahl, Polyarchy.
4 Coppedge, Alvarez, and Maldonado, “Two Persistent Dimensions of Democracy.”
5 Ibid., 632.
6 Schmitter and Karl, “What Democracy is,” 80–82.
7 Dahl, Democracy and its Critics, 221.
8 Mouffe, Democratic Paradox, 2–3.
9 Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy, 31–32.
10 Lijphart, Thinking About Democracy, 122.
11 Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy, 31–32.
12 Lijphart, Thinking About Democracy, 117.
13 Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy, 34–37.
14 Held, Models of Democracy.
15 Smooha, “The Model of Ethnic Democracy,” 11–15.
16 Ibid., 19–42.
17 Özbudun, “Turkey: How Far From Consolidation?” 137.
18 Taş, “Turkey – From Tutelary to Delegative Democracy.”
19 Erişen and Kubicek, Democratic Consolidation; and Merkel, “Embedded and Defective Democracies.”
20 Esen and Gumuscu, “Rising Competitive Authoritarianism in Turkey.”
21 Çalışkan, “Toward a New Political Regime in Turkey.”
22 Özbudun, “Turkey’s Judiciary.”
23 Çakır, “Kürt Sorununda Topyekûn Savaşa Doğru mu?”
24 Collier and Levitsky, “Democracy with Adjectives.”
25 O'Donnell, “Delegative Democracy”; Zakaria, “The Rise of Illiberal Democracy”; and Merkel, “Embedded and Defective Democracies”.
26 Bermeo, “On Democratic Backsliding”; Waldner and Lust, “Unwelcome Change”; Mechkova, Lührmann, and Lindberg, “How Much Democratic Backsliding?”; Diamond, “Facing up to the Democratic Recession”; Howe, “Eroding Norms”; and Plattner, “Is Democracy in Decline?”
27 Lührmann and Lindberg, “A Third Wave.”
28 Köker, “Making Sense.”
29 Öktem, “Exit from Democracy”.
30 Özbudun, “Turkey’s Judiciary.”
31 Azgin, “The Uneasy Democratization,” 47.
32 Ünlü, “The Kurdish Struggle,” 2.
33 “Ortak Açıklamanın Tam Metni.” Al Jazeera Turk, February 28, 2015. http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/haber/ortak-aciklamanin-tam-metni
34 “Dolmabahçe’de tarihi açıklama.” Milliyet, March 1, 2015.
35 Ibid.
36 Akdoğan, “HDP bundan sonra çözüm sürecinin ancak filmini yapar.” Hurriyet, June 8, 2015.
37 “Kurdish militants to attach dam sites, saying Turkey violated ceasefire.” Reuters, July 12, 2015.
38 “Erdoğan Renounces Dolmabahçe Declaration, Says HDP Should Try its Best for PKK’s Disarmament.” Daily Sabah, July 17, 2015.