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ABSTRACT
This article examines Türkiye’s increasingly complex relations with Asia from a political economy perspective, capitalizing on the notions of semi-periphery and sub-imperialism in an era marked by the crisis of globalization and a relative decline of US economic and technological power. It contends that the complexity of Türkiye-Asia relations and associated changes in Turkish foreign policy should be examined within the shifting global and domestic political-economic conditions and the changing relations between countries.
Acknowledgements
We are thankful to our research assistants, Elpiniki Karakosta, Siobhan Hannah Robinson and Ecem Evrensel, for their help throughout our research project.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Notes
1 Türkeş, “Decomposing Neo-Ottoman Hegemony.”
2 Erşen and Köstem, Turkey’s Pivot; Kutlay and Öniş, “Turkish”; and Öniş and Yalikun, “Emerging Partnership.”
3 Kubicek, “Contrasting Theoretical.”
4 Tuğal, “Turkey.”
5 Birgün, “Yeşil Kuşak.”
6 Alpan, “From AKP’s.”
7 Uzgel and Duru, AKP Kitabı.
8 Tansel, “The Shape,” and Yeldan, Küreselleşme Sürecinde.
9 Adaman, et al., Neoliberal Turkey.
10 Türkeş, “Decomposing Neo-Ottoman Hegemony.”
11 Yalvaç, “Approaches to Turkish Foreign Policy.”
12 Tansel, “Authoritarian.”
13 TUIK, “Dış Ticaret İstatistikleri.”
14 Ergenç, “Can Two Ends of Asia Meet?.”
15 Tansel, “Authoritarian.”
16 IMF, “Datamapper.”
17 Aslan, “A Déjà Vu,” and Atmaca and Torun, “Geopolitical Visions.”
18 Ongur, “Identifying Ottomanisms,” and Yavuz, “The Motives Behind.”
19 Çevik, “Turkish Historical Television Series.”
20 Langan, “Virtuous Power.”
21 Hoffman, “Neo-Ottomanism.”
22 Üngör, “Heading Towards the East?.”
23 Atlı, “Turkey’s Economic Expectations,” and “Çin’in Kuşak.”
24 Güngen, “Turkey’s Authoritarianism,” and Orhangazi and Yeldan, “The Re-making.”
25 T.C. Ministry of Commerce, “Mart Ayı.”
26 TUIK, “Dış Ticaret İstatistikleri.”
27 Aydın, “Grand Strategizing.”
28 Julienne, “Hedging.”
29 Ibid.
30 Frank, “Unequal Accumulation.”
31 Wallerstein, “Semi-Peripheral Countries.”
32 Frank, “Unequal Accumulation,” and Marini, “Brazilian Interdependence.”
33 Marini, “Brazilian Interdependence,” and Wallerstein, “The Modern World System.”
34 Frank, “Unequal Accumulation.”
35 Lapavitsas, “Profiting without Producing.”
36 Samson, “(Sub)imperial South Africa?.”
37 Uysal, “Turkey’s Sub-Imperialism.”
38 Andreani, et al., “Is China Transforming the World?”
39 Li, “China.”
40 Gökay, Turkey.
41 Tansel, “The Shape,” and Boratav, “Türkiye Iktisat Tarihi.”
42 IMF, “Datamapper.”
43 Erduman et al., “Import.”
44 TUIK, “Foreign Trade Statistics.”
45 Tansel, “Authoritarian.”
46 Orhangazi and Yeldan, “The Re-making of the Turkish Crisis.”
47 Trading Economics, “Labour Costs”
48 Atlı, “Çin’in Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi.”
49 Ergenç, “Can Two Ends of Asia Meet?”
50 Atlı, “Çin’in Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi.”
51 Wang and Sun, “China and Türkiye,” and Atlı, “Çin’in Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi.”
52 T.C. Ministry of Foreign Relations, Türkiye-People's Republic of China.
53 Ibid.
54 Erensü, “Powering Neoliberalization.”
55 Dünya, “Türkiye’nin Petrol İthalatı,” and Shlykov and Koldunova, “Russia and China.”
56 TUIK, “Dış Ticaret İstatistikleri.”
57 Issaev, “Russia and the New Middle East.”
58 T.C. Ministry of Commerce, “İki Ülke Arasında.”
59 Ibid.
60 Cheterian, “Friend and Foe.”
61 TUIK, “Dış Ticaret İstatistikleri.”
62 TEPAV, “Doğrudan Yatırımlar.”
63 Kyriakides, “The Akkuyu Nuclear.”
64 Aydın, “Identifying Ecological Distribution Conflicts.”
65 TUIK, “Dış Ticaret İstatistikleri.”
66 OEC, India Turkey; OEC, Japan Turkey; OEC, Malaysia Turkey; T.C. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Türkiye-Republic of Korea.”
67 Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye, Türkiye’de Uluslararası Doğrudan Yatırım.
68 The list includes the following countries: Germany, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Ireland, Spain, Sweden, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Greece.
69 T.C. Merkez Bankası, "International Investment Position."
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Notes on contributors
Defne Gönenç
Defne Gönenç is a visiting scholar at the Department of International Relations, İstinye University. She works on environmental politics and the political economy of developing countries with a particular focus on Turkey, Greece, and India. She obtained her PhD in Political Science and International Relations from the Geneva Graduate Institute and holds an MPhil in International Relations from the University of Cambridge. Her articles have appeared in various journals including Environmental Politics, Regional Environmental Change, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, International Environmental Agreements, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, and Southeast European and Black Sea Studies.
Vasileios Fouskas
Vassilis K. Fouskas is professor of international politics and economics and the co-director of the Centre for the Studies of States, Markets and People (STAMP) at the Royal Docks School of Business and Law, University of East London, UK.
Qingan Huang
Qingan Huang is a Professor at the International Business School, Guangdong University of Finance & Economics, China. He is the founding dean of this school. He also serves as a Senior Lecturer in Strategic Management at Royal Docks School of Business & Law, University of East London. He holds the Senior Fellowship of the Higher Education Academy (SFHEA).
Sinan Ünlüsoy
Sinan Ünlüsoy is an archaeologist, who mainly studies the theories of social change and cultural evolution. He received his PhD from Tübingen University. His research interests include early state formations and interregional contact. He directed the ‘Center for Mediterranean Studies’ between 2019 and 2023 at Yaşar University, where he still gives courses on early civilizations and archaeology.