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ABSTRACT
In the 1920s and 1930s, the world closely observed the evolution of the Kemalist system of ideological and political principles. In recent years, there has been a surge in scholarly interest towards the transnational history of Kemalism. Research on Soviet, Middle Eastern, and European perspectives has enriched the study of Kemalism and expanded its boundaries. This article examines the Armenian perspectives and interpretations of Kemalism. It also investigates the main differences between the Soviet and Diaspora Armenian interpretations of Kemalism and the sources influencing their diverging perspectives.
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Correction Statement
This article has been corrected with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.
Notes
1 Aydemir, Tek Adam, cilt. 3.
2 Shaw and Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire.
3 Turkey: Background Notes, 4.
4 Heper, The State Tradition, 11.
5 Mantran, “Mustafa Kemal Atatürk,” 130.
6 Birand, Shirts of Steel, 55.
7 Zürcher, Political Opposition, 2.
8 Van der Lippe, The Politics of Turkish Democracy, 3.
9 It had a series of English translations. The first one was Kemal, “A Speech.” For a detailed analysis of the 1927 speech in English see Adak, “National Myths” and Alaranta, “Mustafa Kemal.”
10 Karal, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi; a three-volume biography of Atatürk by Aydemir, Tek Adam; Berkes, The Development of Secularism; Kili, Kemalism; Kili, “Kemalism in Contemporary Turkey”; and Edib, Turkey Faces West.
11 Belge, ed., Kemalizm.
12 Esen, “Nation-building.”
13 Ibid.
14 Dost-Niyego, Le Bon Dictateur; Ihrig, Atatürk in the Nazi Imagination; Ter-Matevosyan, “Review”; Qureshi, Ottoman Turkey; and Landau, “A Note on Kemalizm.”
15 Conference program, Workshop.
16 For instance, Kaynar (“Review”) used it in his review of Stefan Ihrig’s book.
17 Clayer, Giomi and Szurek (eds.), Kemalism, 7.
18 Ibid, 15.
19 Ter-Matevosyan, Turkey, Kemalism, and the Soviet Union, and Komünizm Gözünden Kemalizm.
20 Sahakyan, Transnational Politics.
21 Hairenik, 1925, August, no. 10 (31). 121.
22 Haratch, August 2. 1925.
23 Refers to the phrase of Lufti Fikri.
24 Droschak, no. 3 (245), September (1925): 93–4. The mentioning of March 31 refers to the Kurdish rebellion.
25 Vratsian, “Anbuzheli Turkian,” 201, 208.
26 Gndouni, “Nor Turkian yev menq,” 195, 201.
27 Ibid. 197.
28 Vratsian, “Turkiayi Masin,” 276.
29 Ibid., 276.
30 Ibid., 277.
31 Ibid., 277.
32 Sassouni, “Kemalakan Turkioj apagan,” 310.
33 Ibid., 311.
34 Ibid., 313.
35 Aharonyan, Kemalakan Turkia, 63.
36 Ibid., 64.
37 Ibid., 63.
38 Ibid., 72
39 Ibid., 75, 76, 78
40 Ibid, 77.
41 Rouben, “Noraguyn Turkian,” no. 6, 154.
42 Ibid., 155.
43 Ibid, 156.
44 Ibid., 166.
45 Ibid., 157.
46 Rouben, “Noraguyn Turkian,” 108.
47 Ibid., 112.
48 Ibid., 109.
49 Ibid., 112.
50 Ibid., 126.
51 Gndouni, “Turkery yev hayery,” 87.
52 Ibid., 87.
53 Ibid., 89.
54 Ibid., 91.
55 Ibid., 95.
56 Ibid, 96–7.
57 Shahan Natali, who also used the penname Nemesis, first published his book Turkery yev menq in 1928 in Athens, which came out in a second edition in 1931 in Boston.
58 Natali, Turkismy Angorayen Paku, 33.
59 Ibid.
60 Harish, Soviet Russia and Asia, chapters 4 and 5; Kuznetsova, Ustanovlenie sovetsko-tureckih otnoshenij; and Moiseyev and Rozaliyev, K istorii.
61 Harris, The Origins.
62 Lewis, The Emergence, 283–6; Türkeş, “The Ideology”; and Özdalga, I Atatürks spar.
63 Before the formation of the Soviet Union on December 30, 1922, the three South Caucasian Soviet Republics enjoyed some degree of formal freedom in conducting their foreign policies.
64 “Doklady Zavedujuschego,” 7.
65 Ibid., 225.
66 G. K. “Turkiayi mshakutayin heghapoghotyuny,” 145.
67 Ibid., 157.
68 Chopuryan, “Turkiayi’s nerkin,” 69, 70.
69 Ibid., 71, 72.
70 Yesayan, “‘Trkakan Orientatsiayi hartsy’.”
71 Arsharouni, Krizis Tyurskoj ideologii.
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Vahram Ter-Matevosyan
Vahram Ter-Matevosyan is a Professor at the College of Humanities and Social Sciences of the American University of Armenia. His expertise lies in the political history of Turkey and the foreign and security policies of the South Caucasus nations. He earned his Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of Bergen in Norway. He has authored two monographs and more than a dozen book chapters and research articles, which have been published in edited volumes by Routledge and Springer, as well as in peer-reviewed journals such as Nations and Nationalism, Third World Quarterly, Europe-Asia Studies, Turkish Studies, Middle Eastern Studies, and Digest of Middle East Studies.