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Notes
1 Many books and academic papers make reference to the idea of ‘unfreezing’ and this can be traced back to references in K.Lewin, Readings in Social Psychology (New York: Holt, Reinhart & Winston 1958).
2 N. Tichy and M. Devanna , The Transformational Leader (New York: John Wiley 1986).
3 D. Nadler and M. Tushman, ‘Organisational Frame Bending: Principles for Managing Reorientation’, Academy of Management Executive Magazine 3/3(1989) pp.194–204.
4 G. Egan, Change Agent Skills B: Managing Innovation and Change (San Diego Univ. Associates 1988).
5 R. Kanter, B. Stein and T. Jick, The Challenge of Organizational Change (New York: Free Press 1992).
6 M. Beer, R. Eisenstat and B. Spector, ‘Why Change Programs don’t Produce Change’, Harvard Business Review (Nov.–Dec. 1990) pp.158–66.
7 V. Nilikant and S. Ramnarayan, Managing Organizational Change (New Delhi: Response Books of Sage Publishing 1998).
8 J. Kotter, Leading Change (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press 1996).
9 Peter M. Senge , The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization (Sydney, Australia: Random House 1992).
10 E. Romanelli and M. Tushman, ‘Transformation as Punctuated Equilibrium: An Empirical Test’, Academy of Management Journal 34 (1994) pp.1141–66.
11 A. Levy and U. Merry, Organisational Transformation: Approaches, Strategies, Theories (New York: Praeger 1986).
12 H. Rainey, Understanding and Managing Public Organizations, 2nd edn. (San Francisco, CA: Jossey‐Bass 1997).
13 B. Fletcher, Organization Transformation Theorists and Practitioners: Profiles and Themes (New York: Praeger 1990).
14 Levy and Merry (note 15).
15 Ibid.
16 W. Matthews, ‘US Congress may be in a Defense‐Reform Mood’, Defence News, 2 May 2005, p.8.
17 C. Robinson, CDI Reform Project – Defining Transformation (Washington DC: Center for Defense Information 2002) ⟨http://www.cdi.org/mrp/transform-pr.cfm⟩.
18 Ibid.
19 GAO, Further Actions Are Needed to Effectively Address Business Management Problems and Overcome Key Business Transformation Challenges (2004) Testimony by D.M. Walker, Comptroller General of the United States, GAO‐05‐140T.
20 Ibid. p.1.
21 Ibid. pp.4–5.
22 Ibid. pp.8–9.
23 Ibid. pp.9–10.
24 L. Lira , ‘To Change an Army: Understanding Defense Transformation’, a paper presented at ISSS/ISAC. Annual Conference, 28–30 Oct. 2004.
25 Ibid.
26 Ibid. p.18
27 Gen. Eric Shinseki, Chief of Staff, US Army, The Army Transformation: A Historic Opportunity (Association of the US Army: Army Greenbook 2001), available at ⟨http://notes.tetratechffx.com/army_transformation_peis/greenbook.htm⟩ (accessed on 24 Aug. 2006).
28 Dept. of the Army, US Army Transformation Briefing (17 Oct. 2000) accessed on 20 May 2005 at ⟨http://www.army.mil/usa/AUSA%20Web/PDF%20Files/Short%20Transformation%20notes.pdf⟩.
29 Lira (note 24).
30 S. Shen, ‘A Culture for Transformational Change – Strategies for the Singapore Armed Forces’, Pointer – The Journal of the Singapore Armed Forces 28/3 (2002) pp.1–16.
31 M. Tushman and C.O’Reilly, Winning through Innovation (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press 1997)
32 D. Snider and G. Watkins, The Future of the Army Profession (Boston, MA: McGraw‐Hill 2002)
33 K. O’Dunivin, ‘Military Culture: Change and Continuity’, Armed Forces and Society 20/4 (Summer 1994), pp. 531–47.
34 P. Narum, Director‐General of Forsvarets forskningsinstitutt, Norway, accessed on 15 May 2005 at ⟨http://www.mil.no/felles/ffi/start/English/Outlook⟩.
35 N. Jans, ‘Rich Organisation, Poor Organisation: Defence Performance and Military Leadership’, Australian Defence Force Journal, No.142 (May–June 2000) pp.5–10.
36 T. Taylor, ‘The Place of Management in Defence (and Defence Education)’, RUSI Journal 150/2 (April 2005) pp.24–8.
37 Strategic Defence Review, Cm.3999 (London: The Stationery Office 1998).
38 The McKinsey 7S Model was developed by the McKinsey management consultants as a framework for both developing and implementing strategy within organisations and consists of: Strategy(H), Structures(H), Systems(H), Style(S), Staff(S), Skills(S) and Shared Values(S) where H and S are the author’s perspective of Hard and Soft issues respectively.
39 D.J. Neal and T. Taylor, ‘Strategic Management and Change in the MoD’, BAM Conference, St Andrews University, Scotland, 2004.
40 D. McCombie, ‘Defence Change Programme: Modernisation with money’, Money Matters (Oct. 2004).
41 Gershon Report, Releasing Resources to the Front Line: Independent Review of Public Sector Efficiency (2004) ⟨http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/media/B2C/11/efficiency_review 120704.pdf⟩ accessed on 10 May 2005.
42 Lira (note 24).