Charting a Course through Radical Islam: Origins, Rise, Transformation and Prospects

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Notes

1 Gilles Kepel, The Roots of Radical Islam (London: Saqi Books 2005) p.239.

2 Ian Linden, ‘Faith & Reason: Forget Osama bin Laden, the real brains behind al‐Qaeda is Zawahiri’, The Independent, 9 Aug. 2003.

3 Al‐Zawahiri, Knights under the Prophet’s Banner (London: Al‐Sharq Al‐Awsat Dec. 2001). Sayyid as in Sayyid Qutub means ‘a descendant of the Prophet’, not necessarily literally but an honorific title given to especially devout Muslims.

4 A reference to pre‐Islamic Arabian society, before the revelation of the Qur’an – translation in line with ‘ignorance’.

5 Fawaz Gerges, The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global (New York: Cambridge UP 2005) p.4.

6 Sayyid Qutb, Milestones (Indianapolis: American Trust Publications 1993) p.57.

7 Ahmed El‐Kadi, ‘Sayyid Qutb’, p.2. 〈www.youngmuslims.ca.biographies/display.asp?ID=7〉, accessed 14 Dec. 2006.

8 Ibid.

9 Sayyid Qutb, ‘America that I saw’, 〈http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/milestones_qutb.html#footnote_16〉, accessed 12 Dec. 2006.

10 Ahmed Moussalli, Radical Islamic Fundamentalism: The Ideological and Political Discourse of Sayyid Qutb (American Univ. of Beirut 1992) pp.31–2.

11 David Pryce‐Jones, ‘At War: Treason of the Cleric: The spiritual father of bin laden’, National Review (Nov. 2001) p.2.

12 Kepel, Roots of Radical Islam (note 1) p.35.

13 Ibid. p.54.

14 Qutb, Milestones (note 6) p.5.

15 Kepel, Roots of Radical Islam (note 1) p.46.

16 Qutb, Milestones (note 6) p.98.

17 Kepel, Roots of Radical Islam (note 1) p.57.

18 Al‐Akhbar, Arabic newspaper, 8 Aug. 1952 (Public debate on politics and political systems was prevalent at this time one month after Nasser’s military coup).

19 Qutb, Milestones (note 6).

20 Ibid.

21 Gerges, The Far Enemy (note 5) p.4.

22 An example of such faith is Sunni adherence to the five pillars of Islam; the declaration of faith, daily prayer, fasting, almsgiving, and pilgrimage, and a belief that the Qur’an is the undistorted word of God.

23 Youssef H. Aboul‐Enein, ‘Al‐Ikhwan Al‐Muslimeen: the Muslim Brotherhood’, Military Review (July–Aug. 2003) p.1.

24 Ibid. p.2.

25 George Makdisi, Ibn Taymiyyah, 〈www.muslimphilosophy.com/it/itya.htm〉, accessed 12 Dec. 2006, p.2.

26 Ibid. p.3.

27 Ted Thornton, ‘Revivalism: The Wahhabi Movement’, 〈www.nmhschool.org/tthornton/wahhabi_movement.htm〉, accessed 12 Dec. 2006, p.1.

28 Ibid.

29 Michael Knapp, ‘Distortion of Islam by Muslim extremists’, Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin (July–Sept. 2002) p.4.

30 Shahid Alam, ‘Don’t make things harder than they already are’, The New Nation, 16 May 2006, p.1, 〈www.thepersecution.org/world/bangladesh/2006/05/nn17.html〉, accessed 12 Dec. 2006.

31 El‐Kadi, ‘Sayyid Qutb’ (note 7) p.1.

32 Ibid. p.2.

33 Gerges, The Far Enemy (note 5) p.7.

34 Ibid.

35 Ridwan Jawdat Ziyadah, ‘Can Milestones be considered a foundational fundamentalist text?’ Al Hayat, 26 March 2005.

36 Osama bin Laden’s Jihad and texts of Fatwas and Declaration of War, p.3, 〈www.mideastweb.org/osamabinladen1.htm〉, accessed 6 Dec. 2006.

37 Barry Rubin, Islamic Fundamentalism in Egyptian Politics, 2nd ed. (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan 2002) p.14.

38 Qutb, Milestones (note 6) p.90.

39 Ibid. p.12.

40 Kepel, Roots of Radical Islam (note 1) p.244.

41 Ibid. pp.53–4.

42 Gilles Kepel, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam (Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP 2002) p.5.

43 Gerges, The Far Enemy (note 5) p.11.

44 Nasir al‐Bahri, ‘Al‐Qaeda from Within’, Al‐Quds al‐Arabi, 24 March 2005.

45 Ibid. The latter are the normal five pillars of Islam.

46 Gerges, The Far Enemy (note 5) p.45.

47 Ibid. p.11.

48 Kepel, Roots of Radical Islam (note 1) p.211.

49 Ibid.

50 Gerges, The Far Enemy (note 5) p.6.

51 Country Profile: Egypt, 〈http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/737642.stm#aders〉, accessed 2 Jan. 2007.

52 Al‐Zawahiri, Knights under the Prophet’s Banner (note 3).

53 Olivier Roy, Globalised Islam: The Search for a New Ummah (London: Hurst 2004) p.290.

54 BBC, On this day, 〈http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/23/newsid_2489000/2489117.stm〉 accessed 2 Jan. 2007.

55 Gerges, The Far Enemy (note 5) p.68.

56 Roy, Globalised Islam (note 53) p.291.

57 Al‐Bahri, ‘Al‐Qaeda from Within’(note 44).

58 Gerges, The Far Enemy (note 5) p.69.

59 Ibid.

60 Ibid. pp.72–3.

61 Ibid.

62 Roy, Globalised Islam (note 53) p.292.

63 Robin Cook, ‘The struggle against terrorism cannot be won by military means’, The Guardian, 8 July 2005.

64 Peter Bergen, ‘Bin Laden, CIA links hogwash’, posted 6 Sept. 2006, 〈www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/08/15/bergen.answers/index.html〉, accessed 5 Jan. 2007.

65 Gerges, The Far Enemy (note 5) p.82.

66 Roy, Globalised Islam (note 53) p.298.

67 Ibid.

68 ‘Al‐Qaeda’s far reaching new partner’, Washington Post Foreign Service, 5 Oct. 2006, 〈www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/04/AR2006100402006.html〉, accessed 10 Jan. 2007.

69 Roy, Globalised Islam (note 53) p.298.

70 Ibid.

71 Dominic Casciani, ‘Profile: Abu Hamza’, BBC News community affairs, 27 May 2004, 〈http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3752517.stm〉, accessed 10 Jan. 2007.

72 Yemen Islamic Jihad, ‘Group profile’, 〈www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=3695〉, accessed 10 Jan. 2007.

73 ‘Who are Abu Sayyaf?’, 〈http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/719623.stm〉, accessed 10 Jan. 2007.

74 Al‐Zawahiri, Knights under the Prophet’s Banner (note 3).

75 Osama bin Laden, ‘A chronology of his political life’, p.1, 〈www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/binladen/etc/cron.html〉, accessed 2 Jan. 2007.

76 Ibid. p.1.

77 Abdullah Azzam, 〈www.nmhschool.org/tthornton/mehistorydatabase/abdullah_azzam.php〉, accessed 2 Jan. 2006.

78 Osama bin Laden, 〈www.nmhschool.org/tthornton/bombings_in_africa.php〉, p.2, accessed 2 Jan. 2006.

79 Cook, ‘The struggle against terrorism cannot be won by military means’ (note 63).

80 Al‐Qaeda, 〈www.aljazeera.com/me.asp?service_ID=10207〉, accessed 10 Jan. 2007.

81 Ibid.

82 Ibid.

83 Bin Laden (note 78) p.2.

84 Roy, Globalised Islam (note 53) p.297.

85 Ibid.

86 Osama bin Laden, ‘Text of Fatwa Urging Jihad Against Americans – 1998’, Al‐Quds al‐Arabi, 23 Feb. 1998.

87 Al‐Zawahiri, Knights under the Prophet’s Banner (note 3).

88 Bin Laden, ‘A chronology of his political life’ (note 75).

89 ‘Warren Christopher tours Saudi Bomb Wreckage, 26 June 1996’, 〈www.cnn.com/WORLD/9606/26/saudi.bomb.7p/〉, accessed 11 Jan. 2007.

90 Bruce Nelan, ‘Gulf Shock Waves’, Time Magazine, 8 July 1996.

91 Gerges, The Far Enemy (note 5) p.56.

92 R. Snyder, ‘Operation Restore Hope’, Aug. 2001, 〈http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/his135/Events/Somalia93/Somalia93.html〉, accessed 11 Jan. 2007.

93 Gerges, The Far Enemy (note 5) p.85.

94 Al‐Bahri, ‘Al‐Qaeda from Within’ (note 44).

95 Gerges, The Far Enemy (note 5) p.52.

96 ‘Al‐Zawahiri: Egyptian militant group joins Al‐Qaeda’, CNN News, 5 Aug. 2006, www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/08/05/zawahiri.tape/index.html〉, accessed 11 Jan. 2007.

97 Ibid.

98 ‘Egyptian group denies Al‐Qaeda tie up’, Al‐Jazeera, 11 Aug. 2006, 〈http://english.aljazeera.net/news/archive/archive?ArchiveId=24970〉, accessed 11 Jan. 2007.

99 Ibid.

100 Gerges, The Far Enemy (note 5) p.47.

101 Ibid. p.13.

102 Al‐Zawahiri, Knights under the Prophet’s Banner (note 3).

103 Ibid.

104 Alan Richards, ‘Socioeconomic roots of Middle East radicalism’, Naval War College Review (Autumn 2002) p.2.

105 Al‐Bahri, ‘Al‐Qaeda from Within’ (note 44).

106 Sheikh Yusuf al‐Qaradawi, 〈www.islamonline.net/English/News/2001-09/13/article25.shtml〉, accessed 11 Jan. 2007.

107 Hassan Fattah, ‘The Middle‐East baby boom’, American Demographics, 1 Sept. 2002.

108 Ibid.

109 Ibid.

110 Kepel, Roots of Radical Islam (note 1) p.244.

111 Roy, Globalised Islam (note 53) p.17.

112 Ibid.

113 Andrew Norfolk, ‘How bombers’ town is turning into an enclave for Muslims’, The Times, 21 Oct. 2006.

114 Ibid.

115 Ehsan Masood, ‘Building Bridges’, New Internationalist, May 2002, p.1.

116 Mark Miller, ‘Migration and Security are interrelated’, USA Today, May 1997.

117 Ibid.

118 Masood, ‘Building Bridges’ (note 115) p.1.

119 Peter Berger, ‘Against the Current’, Prospect magazine, Issue 17 (March 1997).

120 Roy, Globalised Islam (note 53) p.13.

121 Ibid.

122 Ibid.

123 Ibid.

124 Fattah, ‘The Middle‐East baby boom’ (note 107).

125 Roy, Globalised Islam (note 53) p.305.

126 Richard Paddock, ‘The Making of a Terrorist’, Los Angeles Times, 22 Jan. 2002.

127 Roy, Globalised Islam (note 53) p.305.

128 Lebanon uprising, 〈www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=72291〉, accessed 28 May 2007.

129 Roy, Globalised Islam (note 53) p.307.

130 Abu Hamza interview, 〈www.angelfire.com/bc3/johnsonuk/eng/sheikh.html〉, accessed 19 Jan. 2007.

131 Roy, Globalised Islam (note 53).

132 Ibid. p.309.

133 Amy Waldman, ‘How in a little British town Jihad found young converts’, New York Times, 24 April 2002.

134 Masood, ‘Building Bridges’ (note 115) p.1.

135 Mohammed Zarif, ‘America’s Military Campaign in the Region’, Frontier Post, 8 Nov. 2001.

136 ‘Undercover Mosque’, Channel 4 Dispatches, 15 Jan. 2007, 〈http://www.channel4.com/news/dispatches/article.jsp?id=1066〉, accessed 19 Jan. 2007.

137 Roy, Globalised Islam (note 53) p.42.

138 Ibid. p.51.

139 Ibid. p.48.

140 Ibid.

141 Ibid.

142 ‘Undercover Mosque’ (note 136).

143 Roy, Globalised Islam (note 53) p.318.

144 Al‐Bahri, ‘Al‐Qaeda from Within’ (note 44).

145 Anthony H. Cordesman, The War After The War: Strategic Lessons of Iraq and Afghanistan (Washington DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies 2004) p.6.

146 Ibid.

147 Ibid.

148 Richards, ‘Socioeconomic roots of Middle East radicalism’ (note 104) p.2.

149 Cordesman, The War After The War (note 145) p.12.

150 Ibid. pp.13–14.

151 Ibid. p.16.

152 Policy Exchange, Living Apart Together, British Muslims and the Paradox of Multiculturalism (London: Policy Exchange 2007) p.5.

153 Marc Lynch, ‘Al‐Qaeda’s media strategies’, The National Interest, Spring 2006, p.2.

154 Ibid. p.5.

155 Transcript: Prime Minister Tony Blair Interview by Sir David Frost on Al‐Jazeera Television, 17 Nov. 2006, 〈http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/1AB9535F-1277-496B-BCD3-9177C031C5B2.htm〉, accessed 13 March 2007.

156 David Leppard, ‘Blair to launch spin battalion against al‐qaeda propaganda’, Sunday Times, 28 Jan. 2007.

157 Jack Malvern, ‘British Council shifts focus to Muslim states’, The Times, 26 Feb. 2007.

158 Mohammed Sidique Khan video, 〈http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4206708.stm〉, accessed 14 March 2007.

159 Tarak Barkawi, ‘On the pedagogy of “small wars”’, International Affairs 80/1 (April 2004) p.29 of pp.19–38.

160 Ibid. p.28.

161 Jason Burke, Al‐Qaeda: Casting a Shadow of Terror (London/New York: I.B. Tauris 2003) p.16.

162 Barkawi, ‘On the pedagogy of “small wars”’ (note 159) p.25.

163 Robert Killebrew, ‘Beware if Al‐Qaeda Grows’, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, 22 Aug. 2004.

164 Policy Exchange, Living Apart Together (note 152) p.6.

165 ‘Undercover Mosque’ (note 136).

166 Richards, ‘Socioeconomic roots of Middle East radicalism’ (note 104) p.7.

167 Reuters, ‘Dubai ruler sets up…’, 〈http://article.wn.com/view/2007/05/19/Dubai_ruler_sets_up_10_billion_dollar_Arab_education_fund/?template=cheetah-article%2Fdisplayarticle.txt〉, accessed 28 May 2007.

168 Richards, ‘Socioeconomic roots of Middle East radicalism’ (note 104) p.8.