Emerging drugs for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer: a focus on phase II immunotherapy trials

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Triple-negative breast cancer accounts for 10–20% of invasive breast cancers and is characterized by an aggressive phenotype and poor outcomes in the early and advanced settings compared to other breast cancer subtypes. Chemotherapy continues to be the mainstay of treatment, but recent advances have demonstrated the benefit of adding immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) to chemotherapy regimens for patients with both early and advanced TNBC, particularly if PD-L1-positive. Despite these results, further improvements are needed.

Areas covered: This review covers immunotherapy drugs which have recently completed, involved in ongoing or due to start phase II trials. This includes approaches to augment the response to existing ICIs, next-generation ICIs, combination treatments with targeted agents and drugs that target the tumor microenvironment. Potential development issues are also discussed.

Expert opinion: The field of immunotherapy is developing rapidly and holds great promise for patients with TNBC. Promising avenues of research currently in phase II trials include targeting multiple immune checkpoints simultaneously and the addition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT inhibitors to ICI/chemotherapy regimens. A better understanding of the immunosuppressive role played by the tumor microenvironment has also been important. However, challenges remain, particularly regarding the need for more effective predictive biomarkers.

KEYWORDS:

• Advanced TNBC
• early TNBC
• immune checkpoint
• immunotherapy
• targeted therapies
• tumor microenvironment

Declaration of interest

PE Hall has received honoraria from Eisai, Pfizer, MSD and conference expenses from Lilly. P Schmid has received honoraria from AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Novartis, Roche; has a consulting or advisory role with Genentech/Roche, AstraZeneca, Merck, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Pfizer, Novartis, Eisai, Celgene, Puma Biotechnology; has received institutional research funding from AstraZeneca, Astellas Pharma, Medivation, Oncogenex, Genentech, Novartis, Roche, Merck; has an immediate family member employed by Roche. The author(s) have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.

Reviewer disclosures

Peer reviewers on this manuscript have no relevant financial or other relationships to disclose.

Additional information

Funding

This paper was not funded.