Revisiting land reform: land rights, access, and soil fertility management on the Adja Plateau in Benin

Abstract

In the oil palm-based cropping system on the Adja Plateau, land titling plays an important role. Landowners argue that oil palm fallow (dekan) restores soil fertility, but in the long-term it is also an instrument in the struggle for control over land. A land-titling programme in the study area allowed an analysis of the relationship between titling and soil fertility management that showed two different institutional effects with socio-technical consequences. Titling increased land security for landowners and, although this security initially reduced access to land for tenants, a subsequent introduction of witnessed paper-based contracts enhanced tenants' access to land and improved their security of tenure. Improved titling and more secure tenure reduced conflicts over land and opened possibilities for agricultural intensification. This change was associated with a shift from long-term oil palm fallow to shorter-term land-management practices where tenants and landowners increasingly invested in land through rotations between maize and cowpea (rather than maize mono-cropping) and the use of mineral fertilizers, without increased use of household waste. The paper suggests that sustainable agricultural intensification requires institutional changes, based on a mixture of customary and formal rules, in both landownership and rental agreements to access land.

Keywords:

• land titling
• tenure security
• soil fertility
• political ecology
• legal pluralism

Acknowledgements

The field work was supported by the landowners and tenants of Klouekanme. Statistical assistance was provided by the LADYD, Laboratoire d'Analyse des Dynamiques Sociales et du Développement. Special thanks are due to Prof. Janice Jiggins for literature suggestions. Constructive comments by three reviewers are also gratefully acknowledged.