The State of Political Science and Security Studies of India in the United States: Increased Importance but Declining Academic Attention

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Notes

(t) = tied with school listed above it. Thus, in the US News rankings, Chicago and Iowa are tied with Stony Brook.

I am grateful to Dinshaw Mistry and Kailan Rubunoff for their comments on earlier drafts of their paper.

1. Harold R. Isaacs, Scratches on Our Mind, American Views of China and India (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, Inc., 1980 edition), p. xxxiii.

2. Maureen L. P. Patterson, “Institutional Base for the Study of South Asia in the United States and the Role of the American Institute of Indian Studies,” in Joseph W. Elder, Edward C. Dimock, Jr., and Ainslee T. Embree, eds., India's Worlds and U.S. Scholars, 1947–1997 (New Delhi: Manohar, 1998), pp. 17–108.

3. It is almost inconceivable in light of later developments that David Bayley was encouraged to study the police by the Home Ministry after he arrived in India. Conversation with the author.

4. On this point see Paul R. Brass, “American Political Science and South Asian Studies, Virtue Unrewarded,” Economic and Political Weekly Vol. 30, No. 36 (September 9, 1995), pp. 2257–62.

5. Robert L. Hardgrave, Jr. India under Pressure: Prospects for Political Stability (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984).

6. See the Symposium, “Controversy in the Discipline: Area Studies and Comparative Politics,” PS: Political Science and Politics Vol. XXX, No. 2 (May 1997), pp. 166–79.

7. Ann Laura Stoler, “On Vernacular Comparison: Towards a Critical Area Studies and Their Emergent Forms,” Keynote Address for the Canadian Council of Area Studies Learned Societies Conference: “Furthering the Globalization Debate: Cross Regional Comparisons,” Montreal, Quebec, April 30, 2005, p. 8.

8. Conducted by Shelly Ghai.

9. Among the leading texts in the field were Norman D. Palmer, The Indian Political System (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1961; 1971); Richard L. Park, India's Political System (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1967; 2d ed. with Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, 1979); Robert L. Hardgrave, Jr., India, Government and Politics in a Developing Nation (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1970; 2d ed. New York, San Diego, and Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975; 3d ed 1980; 4^th, 5^th and 6^th eds all with Stanley A. Kochanek, 1986; 1993; 2000); Paul R. Brass, The Politics of India Since Independence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990; 1994); and Craig Baxter, Yogendra K. Malik, Charles H. Kennedy and Robert C. Oberst, Government and Politics in South Asia (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1987, 1991, 1993, 1998, 2002).

10. I have restricted myself primarily to books published by American citizens and foreigners who were trained in the United States and employed there by institutions of higher learning.

11. John Echeverri-Gent in an earlier survey, “Political Science,” in Elder, Dimock, and Embree, India's Worlds and U.S. Scholars 1947–1997, pp. 399–418, takes a chronological approach.

12. See Joan V. Bondurant, Conquest of Violence (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1958); Paul F. Power, Gandhi on World Affairs (Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press, 1960); Willard Range, Jawaharlal Nehru's View of the World (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1961); and Donald Eugene Smith, Nehru and Democracy (Bombay: Orient Longmans, 1958).

13. Richard L. Park and Irene Tinker, eds., Leadership and Political Institutions in India (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1959).

14. Granville Austin, The Indian Constitution, Cornerstone of a Nation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966).

15. Donald Eugene Smith, India as a Secular State (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963).

16. See Lloyd I. Rudolph and Susanne Hoeber Rudolph, The Modernity of Tradition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), and Robert L. Hardgrave, Jr., The Nadars of Tamilnad, The Political Culture of a Community in Change (Berkeley and Los Angeles: The University of California Press, 1969).

17. Myron Weiner, The Politics of Scarcity (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1962).

18. In this connection see Pradeep Chhibber, Democracy without Associations (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999).

19. Stanley A. Kochanek, Business and Politics in India (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974); and Howard L. Erdman, Political Attitudes of Indian Industry: A Case Study of the Baroda Business Elite (London: University of London, The Athlone Press, 1971), and Politics, Economic Development in India: The Cases of Mangalore Chemicals and Fertilizers (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1989).

20. Stanley J. Heginbotham, Cultures in Conflict (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975).

21. David H. Bayley, The Police and Political Development in India (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1969).

22. Stephen P. Cohen, The Indian Army, Its Contribution to the Development of a Nation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971).

23. James Manor, ed., Nehru to the Nineties, The Changing Office of Prime Minister in India (London: C. Hurst & Co., 1994).

24. Arthur G. Rubinoff, “The Decline of India's Parliament,” Journal of Legislative Studies Vol. 4, No. 4 (Winter, 1998), pp. 13–33, reprinted in Philip Norton and Nizam Ahmed, eds., Parliaments in Asia (London: Frank Cass, 1999), pp. 13–33.

25. Satish K. Arora and Harold D. Lasswell, Political Communication, The Public Language of Political Elites in India and the United States (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., 1969).

26. Samuel J. Eldersveld, V. Jagannadham, and A. P. Barnabas, The Citizen and the Administrator in a Developing Country (Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman & Co., 1968).

27. Dwaine Marvick, ed., Political Decision-makers: Recruitment and Performance (Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1961).

28. Myron Weiner, Party Politics in India, The Development of a Multi-Party System (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957).

29. Myron Weiner, Party Building in a New Nation, The Indian National Congress (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967).

30. Stanley A. Kochanek, The Congress Party of India (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1968).

31. Robert W. Stern, The Process of Opposition in India (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970).

32. Gene D. Overstreet and Marshall Windmiller, Communism in India (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1959). See also Ralph H. Retzlaff, “Revisionists and Sectarians: India's Two Communist Parties,” in Robert A. Scalapino, ed., The Communist Revolution in Asia: Tactics, Goals, and Achievements (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1969), pp. 329–63; and Paul R. Brass and Marcus Franda, Radical Politics in South Asia (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1973).

33. Angela S. Burger, Opposition in a Dominant-Party System (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969), and Lewis P. Fickett, Jr., The Major Socialist Parties of India: A Study of Leftist Fragmentation (Syracuse, NY: Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University, 1976).

34. Howard L. Erdman, The Swatantra Party and Indian Conservatism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967).

35. Craig Baxter, The Jana Sangh: A Biography of an Indian Political Party (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1969.

36. John H. Kautsky, Moscow and the Communist Party of India (New York: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press and John H. Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1956).

37. Pradeep Chhibber and Ken Kohlman, The Formation of National Party Systems: Federalism and Party Competition in Britain, Canada, India, and the United States (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004).

38. Myron Weiner, ed., State Politics in India (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1968).

39. F. G. Bailey, Politics and Social Change in Orissa in 1959 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963).

40. Paul R. Brass, Factional Politics in an Indian State, The Congress Party in Uttar Pradesh (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1965).

41. Marcus F. Franda, West Bengal and the Federalizing Process in India (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1968).

42. Baldev Raj Nayar, Minority Politics in the Punjab (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966).

43. Richard Sisson, The Congress Party in Rajasthan, Political Integration and Institution Building in an Indian State (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972).

44. See Robert L Hardgrave, Jr., The Dravidian Movement (Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1965), and Marguerite Ross Barnett, The Politics of Cultural Nationalism in South India (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976).

45. See particularly Francine R. Frankel and M. S. A. Rao, eds., Dominance and State Power in Modern India, Vol. I: Decline of a Social Order (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), and Vol. II: Decline of a Social Order (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990); and Richard Sisson and Ramashray Roy, eds., Diversity and Dominance in Indian Politics, Vol. I: Changing Bases of Congress Support (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1990) and Vol. II: Division, Deprivation and the Congress (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1990).

46. Mary C. Carras, The Dynamics of Indian Political Factions: A Study of District Councils in the State of Maharashtra (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972).

47. Rodney W. Jones, Urban Politics in India (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974).

48. Philip Oldenburg, Big City Government in India: Councilor, Administrator and Citizen in Delhi (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1976).

49. Donald B. Rosenthal, The Limited Elite: Politics and Government in Two Indian Cities (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), and Donald B. Rosenthal, ed., The City in Indian Politics (Faridabad: Thompson Press, 1976).

50. Marcus F. Franda, India's Rural Development (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1979).

51. Marshall Bouton, Agrarian Radicalism in South India (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985).

52. Ronald Herring, Land to the Tiller, The Political Economy of Land Reform in South Asia (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1983).

53. John Echeverri-Gent, The State and the Poor: Public Policy and Political Development in India and the United States (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993).

54. Margaret W. Fisher and Joan V. Bondurant, The Indian Experience in Democratic Elections (Berkeley: Institute of International Affairs, 1956).

55. Craig Baxter, District Voting Trends in India (New York: Southern Asian Institute, School of International Affairs, Columbia University, 1969).

56. Vol. I: John Osgood Field and Marcus F. Franda, The Communist Parties of West Bengal (Delhi: Manohar Book Service, 1974); Vol. II: Three Disadvantaged States (Delhi: Manohar Book Service, 1975); Vol. III: The Impact of Modernization (Delhi: Manohar Book Service, 1977); and Vol. IV: Party Systems and Cleavages (Delhi: Manohar Book Service, 1975).

57. Myron Weiner, India at the Polls: The Parliamentary Elections of 1977 (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1978).

58. Myron Weiner, India at the Polls, 1980: A Study of the Parliamentary Elections (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1983).

59. Harold A. Gould and Sumit Ganguly, eds., India Votes: Alliance Politics and Minority Governments in the Ninth and Tenth General Elections (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993).

60. Ramashray Roy and Paul Wallace, eds., Indian Politics and the 1998 Elections: Regionalism, Hindutva and State Politics (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1999).

61. Paul Wallace and Ramashray Roy, eds., India's 1999 Elections and 20^th Century Politics (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2003).

62. Norman D. Palmer, Elections and Political Development: The South Asian Experience (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1975).

63. Harry W. Blair, Vovting, Caste, Community, Society: Explorations in Aggregate Data Analysis in India and Bangladesh (Delhi: Young Asia Publications, 1979).

64. Roger W. Benjamvin, Patterns of Political Development: Japan, India, Israel (New York: David McKay Company, Inc., 1972).

65. Francine R. Franvkel, India's Green Revolution, Economic Gains and Political Costs (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971).

66. Francine R. Frankel, India's Political Economy, 1947–1977, The Gradual Revolution (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978). Francine R. Frankel, India's Political Economy, 1947–2004 (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005), has recently updated her work to take into account economic liberalization.

67. Lloyd I. Rudolph and Susanne Hoeber Rudolph, In Pursuit of Lakshmi, The Political Economy of the Indian State (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).

68. Rob Jenkins, Democratic Politics and Economic Reform in India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).

69. Shalendra Sharma, Democracy and Development in India (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1999).

70. Atul Kohli, The State and Poverty in India, The Politics of Reform (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987).

71. Aseema Sinha, The Regional Roots of Developmental Politics in India (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005).

72. Atul Kohli, State-Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).

73. Ashutosh Varshney, Democracy, Development and the Countryside (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).

74. Myron Weiner, The Child and the State in India (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991).

75. Selig S. Harrison, India, The Most Dangerous Decades (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1960).

76. Jyotirindra Das Gupta, Language Conflict and National Development (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970).

77. See Henry C. Hart, ed., Indira Gandhi's India, A Political System Reappraised (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1976).

78. See Mary C. Carras, Indira Gandhi in the Crucible of Leadership (Boston: Beacon Press, 1979).

79. See Granville Austin, Working a Democratic Constitution, The Indian Experience (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).

80. Arthur G. Rubinoff, The Construction of a Political Community: Integration and Identity in Goa (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1998).

81. Seymour Martin Lipset, Political Man (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1963), p. 14.

82. See Paul R. Brass, Language, Religion and Politics in North India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974).

83. Although Arend Lijphart, “The Puzzle of Indian Democracy: A Consociational Interpretation,” American Political Science Review Vol. 90, No. 2 (June 1996), pp. 258–68, initially thought India's size militated his theory, he eventually saw that it conformed to it.

84. Paul R. Brass, Ethnicity and Nationalism, Theory and Comparison (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1991).

85. See Donald Eugene Smith, ed., South Asian Politics and Religion (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996).

86. Walter K. Andersen and Shridhar D. Damle, The Brotherhood in Saffron, The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu Revivalism (New Delhi: Vistaar Publications, 1987).

87. Kanchan Chandra, Why Ethnic Parties Succeed: Patronage and Ethnic Head Counts in India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004); Steven I. Wilkinson, Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).

88. Ashutosh Varshney, Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life, Hindus and Muslims in India (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002).

89. Amrita Basu and Atul Kohli, Community Conflicts and the State in India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998).

90. Stanley J. Tambiah, Levelling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflict in South Asia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996), p. 335.

91. In particular see Myron Weiner and Mary Fainsod Katzenstein, India's Preferential Policies, Migrants, the Middle Classesand Ethnic Equality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981); Mary Fainsod Katzenstein, Ethnicity and Equality, The Shiv Sena Party and Preferential Policies in Bombay (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1979), and Marc Galanter, Competing Equalities, Law and the Backward Classes in India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1984). For a comparative study see Sunita Parikh, Politics of Preference: Democratic Institutions and Affirmative Action in the United States and India (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996).

92. Paul R. Brass, Theft of an Idol, Text and Context in the Representation of Collective Violence (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997), and The Production of Hindu–Muslim Violence in Contemporary India (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2003).

93. Myron Weiner, Sons of the Soil, Migration and Ethnic Conflict in India (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978).

94. Sanjib Baruah, India Against Itself: Assam and the Politics of Nationality (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999).

95. Maya Chadda, Ethnicity, Security and Separatism in India (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), and Mohammed Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict and the International System (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995).

96. Sumit Ganguly, The Origins of War in South Asia: The Indo-Pakistani Conflict Since 1947 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1986), and Conflict Unending: India–Pakistan Tensions since 1947 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001.

97. Josef Korbel, Danger in Kashmir (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1954).

98. Sumit Ganguly, The Crisis in Kashmir (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press for the Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1997).

99. Raju Thomas, ed., Pervspectives on Kashmir: The Roots of Conflict in South Asia (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997).

100. Robert G. Wirsing, India, Pakistan and the Kashmir Dispute: On Regional Conflict and Its Resolution (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994), and Kashmir in the Shadow of War, Regional Rivalries in a Nuclear Age (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2003).

101. Atul Kohli, ed., India's Democracy, An Analysis of Changing State-Society Relations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988).

102. Atul Kohli, Democracy and Discontent, India's Growing Crisis of Governability (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

103. See Atul Kohli, ed., The Success of India's Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).

104. Philips Talbot and S.L. Poplai, India and America (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1958).

105. Charles H. Heimsath and Surjit Mansingh, A Diplomatic History of Modern India (Bombay: Allied Publishers, 1971).

106. Francine R. Frankel and Harry Harding, eds., The India-China Relationship, What the United States Needs to Know (New York: Columbia University Press for the Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2004).

107. Steven A. Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990).

108. John W. Garver, Protracted Contest, Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001).

109. Edward Friedman and Bruce Gilley, eds., Asia's Giants: Comparing China and India (New York: Pelgrave Macmillan, 2005).

110. Richard Sisson and Leo E. Rose, War and Secession: Pakistan, India and the Creation of Bangladesh (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990).

111. Arthur Stein, India and the Soviet Union (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969).

112. Robert Donaldson, Soviet Policy toward India: Ideology and Strategy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974).

113. Robert Horn, Soviet–Indian Relations: Issues and Influence (New York: Praeger, 1982).

114. Lawrence Ziring, ed., The Subcontinent in World Politics: India, Its Neighbors, and the Great Powers (New York: Praeger, 1982).

115. Devin T. Hagerty, ed., South Asia in World Politics (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2005).

116. Norman D. Palmer, South Asia and United States Policy (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1966).

117. Norman D. Palmer, The United States and India, The Dimensions of Influence (New York: Praeger, 1984).

118. John W. Mellor and Philip Oldenburg, India: A Rising Middle Power (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1979).

119. Lloyd I. Rudolph and Susanne Hoeber Rudolph, The Regional Imperative, U.S. Foreign Policy towards the South Asian States (New Delhi: Concept Publishers, 1980).

120. William J. Barnds, India, Pakistan and the Great Powers (New York: Praeger, 1982).

121. Sulochana Raghavan Glazer and Nathan Glazer, eds., Conflicting Images, India and the United States (Glenn Dale, MD: The Riverdale Company, 1990).

122. Dennis Kux, Estranged Democracies: India and the United States, 1947–1991(New Delhi: Sage, 1993).

123. Harold A. Gould and Sumit Ganguly, eds., The Hope and the Reality, U.S.–Indian Relations from Roosevelt to Reagan (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992).

124. Gary K. Bertsch, Seema Gahlaut, and Anupam Srivastava, eds., Engaging India, U.S. Strategic Relations with the World's Largest Democracy (New York: Routledge, 1999).

125. Ashok Kapur, Y. K. Malik, Harold A. Gould, and Arthur G. Rubinoff, eds., India and the United States in a Changing World (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2002).

126. Stephen Philip Cohen, India, Emerging Power (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 2001).

127. Baldev Raj Nayar and T. V. Paul, India in the World Order, Searching for Major-Power Status (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).

128. Arthur G. Rubinoff, India's Use of Force in Goa (Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1971).

129. Raju G. C. Thomas, The Defence of India, A Budgetary Perspective of Strategy and Politics (Delhi: The Macmillan Company of India, 1978).

130. Raju G. C. Thomas, Indian Security Policy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986).

131. Raju G. C. Thomas, Democracy, Security, and Development in India (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996).

132. See David Cortright and Amitabh Mattoo, eds., India and the Bomb, Public Opinion and Nuclear Options (Notre Dame, IN: University of Indiana Press, 1996).

133. See Itty Abraham, The Making of the Indian Atomic Bomb, Science, Secrecy and the Postcolonial State (Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 1998). Abraham was trained at Illinois and did his research at the Center for International Security and Arms Control at Stanford University; D. R. Sardesai and Raju G. C. Thomas, Nuclear India in the 21^st Century (New York: Palgrave, 2002); and Michael Krepon, Rodney W.  Jones, and Ziad Haider, eds., Escalation Control and Nuclear Option in South Asia (Washington, DC: Stimson Center, 2004).

134. Sumit Ganguly and Devin T. Hagerty, Fearful Symmetry: India Pakistan Crises in the Shadow of Nuclear Weapons (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005).

135. Devin T. Hagerty, The Consequences of Nuclear Proliferation: Lessons from South Asia (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998).

136. George Perkovich, India's Nuclear Bomb, The Impact on Global Proliferation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). Perkovich formerly was Director of the Secure World Program of the Alton Jones Foundation and currently is associated with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

137. Ashley J. Telslis, India's Emerging Nuclear Posture (Santa Monica, CA: The Rand Corporation, 1999). Tellis, a Chicago PhD, served as an adviser to Ambassador Robert Blackwill in New Delhi before joining the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Washington.