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Notes
1 Irving Howe and Lewis Coser, The American Communist Party: A Critical History 1919–1957 (Boston: Beacon Press, 1957), 494.
2 Howe and Coser, The American Communist Party, 493–9; Joseph R. Starobin, American Communism in Crisis, 1943–1957 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972), 310, fn. 15; John Gates, The Story of an American Communist (New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1958), 188–91.
3 Daily Worker, January 13, 1958; New York Times, January 13, 1958.
4 Howe and Coser, The American Communist Party, 496; Maurice Isserman, If I Had a Hammer … The Death of the Old Left and the Birth of the New Left (New York: Basic Books, 1987), 10–11.
5 Irwin Silber, Press Box Red: The Story of Lester Rodney, the Communist Who Helped Break the Color Line in American Sports (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2003); Mark Naison, “Sports for the Daily Worker; an interview with Lester Rodney,” In These Times, October 12–18, 1977.
6 The paper's Sunday edition was known as the Sunday Worker, the Monday–Saturday paper as the Daily Worker. For the sake of convenience both editions will be referred to and cited as the Daily Worker in this article.
7 Daily Worker, January 12, 1958.
8 John E. Haynes, Red Scare or Red Menace? American Communism and Anticommunism in the Cold War Era (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1996), 36; Gates, The Story of an American Communist, 188.
9 Chicago Defender, October 14, 1939; Daily Worker, October 7–9, 1937, October 7–10, 1938; Sporting News, January 21, 1943; Sporting News, March 25, 1943; Sporting News, July 6, 1944; Sporting News, October 5, 1944.
10 Red Smith, “Through cranberry-colored glasses,” New York Herald-Tribune, April 27, 1952.
11 Sporting News, November 5, 1952.
12 Washington Post, April 5, 1952; Washington Post, June 16, 1952; Washington Post, April 8, 1954. The Post did support Rodney when the State Department denied him a passport to cover the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki, but without changing its opinion about the quality of his work. “It is for the sake of the values expressed in the first amendment that Americans wisely tolerate the publication of the Daily Worker and all its daily nonsense in New York. It is for the sake of those values that its sports writers should be left free to write their particular nonsense without infringement.” “Another insanity,” Washington Post, July 14, 1952.
13 J. Edgar Hoover, Masters of Deceit: The Story of Communism in America and How to Fight it (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1958), 164–5; “Books published today,” New York Times, March 10, 1958.
14 Jack Epstein, “ Baseball's conscience finally gets his due: Communist ties obscured Walnut Creek retiree's success in fighting racism in the sport,” San Francisco Chronicle, July 10, 2005.
15 Silber, Press Box Red.
16 Quoted in Jules Tygiel, “Press Box Red: an introduction and a chapter,” American Communist History, 2 (June 2003), 97.
17 Joseph Dorinson & Joram Warmund, “Introduction,” in J. Dorinson & J. Warmund, eds, Jackie Robinson: Race, Sports and the American Dream (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe Inc., 1998), xvii.
18 Jules Tygiel, “Foreword,” in Silber, Press Box Red, ix–x.
19 Mary Jo Buhle, Paul Buhle & Dan Georgakas, Encyclopedia of the American Left, 2nd edn (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 176.
20 For the principals' accounts see: Arthur Mann, The Jackie Robinson Story (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1950); Mann, Branch Rickey: American in Action (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1957), Mann, “The truth about the Jackie Robinson case,” Saturday Evening Post, May 13, 20, 1950; Jackie Robinson, as told to Wendell Smith, Jackie Robinson: My Own Story (New York: Greenberg Publisher, 1948), Carl T. Rowan, with Jackie Robinson, Wait Till Next Year (New York: Random House, 1960), Jackie Robinson, edited by Charles Dexter, Baseball Has Done It (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1964); Jackie Robinson, as told to Alfred Duckett, I Never Had It Made (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1972).
21 See Bill Roeder, Jackie Robinson (New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., 1950); Roger Kahn, The Boys of Summer (New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1972); Kahn, The Era: 1947–1957 (New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1993); Harvey Frommer, Rickey and Robinson: The Men Who Broke Baseball’s Color Barrier (New York: Macmillan, 1982); Frommer, Jackie Robinson (New York: Franklin Watts, 1984); Maury Allen, Jackie Robinson: A Life Remembered (New York: Franklin Watts, 1987).
22 Daily Worker, August 20, 1939; Pittsburgh Courier, August 23, 1947.
23 Pittsburgh Courier, August 23, 1947.
24 Baltimore Afro-American, January 8, 1944.
25 Harvey A. Levenstein, “Daily Worker,” in Joseph R. Conlin, ed., The American Radical Press 1880–1960 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1974), 233.
26 Simon W. Gerson, Pete: The Story of Peter V. Cacchione New York’s First Communist Councilman (New York: International Publishers, 1976), 128. Gerson was named to succeed Cacchione on the New York City Council when Cacchione died during his third term in November 1947, but the City Council refused to seat him. New York Times, February 25, 1948. In November 1948 Gerson ran to fill Cacchione's vacant seat in a special Brooklyn-wide “at large” election on the American Labor and Communist ballot lines, but finished third (with 15% of the vote), behind the victorious Democratic and second-place Republican candidates. New York Times, November 3, 1948.
27 Gerson, Pete, 129.
28 Naison, In These Times, October 12–18, 1977.
29 Mark Naison, “Lefties and Righties: the Communist Party and sports during the Great Depression,” in Radical America, 13 (July–August 1979), 47–59; reprinted in Donald Spivey, ed., Sport in America: New Historical Perspectives (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985), 139–140; see also Mark Naison, Communists in Harlem during the Depression (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1983), 213–4.
30 Jules Tygiel, Baseball's Great Experiment: Jackie Robinson and His Legacy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), 36–7; David Falkner, Great Time Coming: The Life of Jackie Robinson from Baseball to Birmingham (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 68, 95–100; Arnold Rampersad, Jackie Robinson: A Biography (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997), 120; Peter Duffy, “Red Rodney: the American Communist who helped liberate baseball,” Village Voice, June 10, 1997; Mary Jo Buhle, Paul Buhle, and Dan Georgakas, eds., Encyclopedia of the American Left, 2nd edn (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 175–6; Dorinson & Warmund, eds., Jackie Robinson, 73–106.
31 Arnold Rampersad, Jackie Robinson, 120; Dorinson & Warmund, eds, Jackie Robinson.
32 Tygiel, “ Foreword,” in Press Box Red, vii.
33 Henry D. Fetter, “The Party line and the color line: the American Communist Party, the Daily Worker and Jackie Robinson,” Journal of Sport History, 28 (Fall 2001), 375–402; Stephen H. Norwood & Harold Brackman, “Going to bat for Jackie Robinson: the Jewish role in breaking baseball's color line,” Journal of Sport History, 26 (Spring 1999), 115–41; Neil Lanctot, Negro League Baseball: The Rise and Ruin of a Black Institution (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004), 209–10, 217–8.
34 Martha Biondi, To Stand and to Fight: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Postwar New York City (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), 32–6.
35 Chris Lamb, Blackout: The Untold Story of Jackie Robinson’s First Spring Training (Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 2004), xi, 30.
36 Silber, Press Box Red, xv, 1.
37 Allen Barra, “A sportswriter out in left field,” Los Angeles Times Book Review, October 19, 2003.
38 David Davis, “ Hero had one strike against him: his role in ending baseball segregation was ignored. Now Lester Rodney, a former communist, is being recognized,” Los Angeles Times, July 12, 2004.
39 Epstein, San Francisco Chronicle, July 10, 2005; Davis, Los Angeles Times, July 12, 2004.
40 New York Times, April 13, 1997.
41 Allen Barra, “The best Red sportswriter: commie columnist Lester Rodney's fight for Jackie Robinson,” Village Voice, October 15–21, 2003.
42 Tygiel, “Foreword,” in Press Box Red, ix.
43 Joseph Dorinson, “Book review of Press Box Red,” American Communist History, 3 (December 2004), 289.
44 James Boylan, “Book reports,” Columbia Journalism Review, 42 (January–February 2004), 59.
45 Quoted in Tygiel, American Communist History, 2 (June 2003), 97; Paul Buhle & Michael Fermanowsky, “Baseball and social conscience: an interview with Lester Rodney,” December 29, 1981, 31, available at UCLA Oral History Program, University of California at Los Angeles Library Department of Special Collections.
46 Tygiel, Baseball's Great Experiment, 36–7.
47 Lamb, Blackout, 30.
48 J. G. Taylor Spink, Judge Landis and Twenty-Five Years of Baseball (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1947); David Pietrusza, Judge and Jury: The Life and Times of Kenesaw Mountain Landis (South Bend, IN: Diamond Communications, 1998). On Landis as “Czar” see: New York Times, September 13, 1921, October 12, 1924; Chicago Tribune, June 24, 1921; Chicago Tribune, April 11, 1923; Boston Globe, October 19, 1922; as “stooge” for the owners, Daily Worker, April 14, 1941; Daily Worker, May 13, 1941.
49 Silber, Press Box Red, 78. The Daily Worker's focus on Landis that spring is noted in Kelly Rusinack & Chris Lamb, “‘A sickening red tinge:’ the Daily Worker's fight against white baseball,” Cultural Logic, 3 (1) (Fall 1999), available online at http://eserver.org/clogic/3-1&2/rusinack&lamb.html.
50 For the “drive into the war”and similar usages, see Earl Browder, The Way Out (New York: International Publishers, 1941), 45, 203; Lester Rodney, “ Hanging out the Sunday wash,” Daily Worker, June 15, 1941.
51 Earl Browder, The Second Imperialist War (New York: International Publishers, 1940), 289.
52 Browder, The Way Out, 92.
53 Browder, The Way Out, 203, 244–5.
54 Browder, The Way Out, 229.
55 Daily Worker, April 9, 1941.
56 Daily Worker, April 20, 1941.
57 Daily Worker, April 19, 1941.
58 Daily Worker, May 3, 1941.
59 Daily Worker, May 4, 1941.
60 Sunday Worker, June 22, 1941.
61 Naison, Radical America, 13 (July–August 1979), 137.
62 Quoted in Howe & Coser, The American Communist Party, 191. Party leaders were apparently able to enjoy the sport as fans, unencumbered by ideological preoccupations. Browder biographer James G. Ryan wrote that “on rare summer afternoons Browder abandoned the office for Yankee Stadium. Like many contemporaries, he admired baseball's greatest team ….” James G. Ryan, Earl Browder: The Failure of American Communism (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press, 1997), 145. In 1942, Rodney wrote that “Earl Browder … in his younger days, like [James] Ford, [William] Foster, [Pete] Cacchione and many of the other Communist leaders … was a pretty good ball player, a semi-pro outfielder in Kansas.” Daily Worker, February 15, 1942. However, Rodney later contrasted the orthodox William Z. Foster who, he recalled, loved to talk sports while Popular Front leader Earl Browder “didn’t even know what a baseball was.” Buhle & Fermanowsky, December 29, 1981, 31. On at least one occasion Foster made a baseball reference in a political speech. In July 1948 Foster began his speech to the Ohio Communist Party convention “by congratulating Cleveland and that city's baseball team for being the first in the American League to take a negro [Satchel Paige] into professional baseball.” Edward Scheilt, SAC to Director, August 4, 1949 with digest from transcript of testimony on August 1, 1949 in U.S. v. William Z. Foster in Federal Bureau of Investigation Electronic Reading Room at http://foia.fbi.gov/paige_leroy_satchel/paige_leroy_satchel_part01.pdf.
63 Daily Worker, August 5, 1939 (emphasis in the original).
64 Kelly E. Rusinack, Baseball on the Radical Agenda: The Daily and Sunday Worker on the Desegregation of Major League Baseball, 1933 to 1947, Masters Thesis (Clemson University, 1995), 119. The sudden cooling off of the campaign may have accounted for the subsequent antipathy of Wendell Smith towards Rodney and the Daily Worker noted in Silber, Press Box Red, 138 and Dorinson, American Communist History, 289.
65 Daily Worker, February 16, 1940.
66 Daily Worker, April 14, 1940.
67 See, variously: Daily Worker, February 26, 1940; Daily Worker, March 4, 1940; Daily Worker, March 6, 1940; Daily Worker, March 15, 1940; Daily Worker, March 26, 1940; Daily Worker, March 30, 1940; Daily Worker, April 5, 1940; Daily Worker, April 13, 1940; Daily Worker, April 14, 1940; Daily Worker, April 16, 1940; Daily Worker, April 30, 1940; Daily Worker, May 6, 1940; Daily Worker, July 8, 1940.
68 Daily Worker, March 8, 1940; Daily Worker, March 16, 1940.
69 Daily Worker, March 22, 1940.
70 Daily Worker, March 8, 1940; Daily Worker, January 1, 1941; Daily Worker, February 20, 1941.
71 “Play ball!,” Daily Worker, April 16, 1941.
72 Daily Worker, June 11, 1941.
73 Daily Worker, June 15, 1941.
74 Daily Worker, March 23, 1941.
75 Daily Worker, April 15, 1941.
76 Daily Worker, April 14, 1941.
77 Daily Worker, April 20, 1941.
78 Daily Worker, April 21, 1941.
79 Daily Worker, April 27, 1941.
80 Daily Worker, May 13, 1941.
81 Daily Worker, June 1, 1941.
82 Daily Worker, June 19, 1941; Daily Worker, June 24, 1941; Daily Worker, June 25, 1941; Daily Worker, July 8, 1941.
83 Daily Worker, July 20, 1941.
84 Daily Worker, June 24, 1941.
85 Daily Worker, June 25, 1941.
86 Daily Worker, December 9, 1941.
87 William Z. Foster, “Trade unions in the war emergency,” The Communist (January 1942), 57, 60.
88 Daily Worker, February 27, 1942.
89 Daily Worker, March 1, 1942.
90 Daily Worker, March 11, 1942; Daily Worker, March 3, 1942.
91 Daily Worker, March 3, 1942.
92 Maurice Isserman, Which Side Were You On: The American Communist Party during the Second World War (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1993), 55–7, 85–7, 131.
93 Isserman, Which Side Were You On, 145.
94 Earl Browder, Victory and After, 112–3.
95 Browder, Victory and After, 84–5.
96 Browder, Victory and After, 235.
97 Browder, Victory and After, 87.
98 Browder, Victory and After, 83.
99 Daily Worker, December 11, 1941; Daily Worker, December 12, 1941; Daily Worker, January 3, 1942; Daily Worker, January 4, 1942; Daily Worker, January 5, 1942; Daily Worker, January 6, 1942; Daily Worker, January 7, 1942.
100 Daily Worker, May 6, 1941. Greenberg's own comment was “I’m in the army as long as my country needs me. Naturally I’d like to get out in a year and go back to the big leagues, but should I be called upon to stay longer, I’ll do so without complaining.” Sporting News, May 22, 1941.
101 Daily Worker, December 15, 1941. When Ted Williams later secured a draft deferment (as the sole support of his mother) for the 1942 season Lester Rodney defended Williams against his critics, writing “it seems to us that the democratic selective service machinery is perfectly capable of deciding who goes and who doesn’t …. While he is deferred it is completely unfair to criticize him for pursuing his livelihood.” Daily Worker, March 4, 1942.
102 Daily Worker, February 15, 1942.
103 See, “Round Table: Have the Communists Stopped Fighting for Negro Rights?,” Negro Digest, 3 (2) (December 1944), 56–70; Howe & Coser, The American Communist Party, 414–7; Isserman, Which Side Were You On?, 141–3; Wilson Record, The Negro and the Communist Party (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1951), 202–26; Wilson Record, Race and Radicalism: The NAACP and the Communist Party in Conflict (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1964), 118–20; Naison, Communists in Harlem during the Depression, 311–4.
104 Daily Worker, June 10, 1941; Daily Worker, June 11, 1941.
105 Daily Worker, June 18, 1942; James W. Ford, “The Negro people unite for victory,” The Communist, 22 (July 1943), 642–7; Record, The Negro and the Communist Party, 219–20.
106 Record, The Negro and the Communist Party, 222–3; Gerald Horne, Black Liberation/Red Scare: Ben Davis and the Communist Party (Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press, 1994), 131–2.
107 Claudia Jones, Lift Every Voice for Victory (New York: New Age, 1942), 9; quoted in Horne, Black Liberation/Red Scare, 131.
108 Isserman, Which Side Were You On?, 143.
109 Wallace Lee, “Negro Digest poll: have communists quit fighting for Negro rights?,” Negro Digest, 3 (December 1944), 56.
110 Horace R. Cayton, columnist for the Pittsburgh Courier, in “Round Table,” Negro Digest, 24 (December 1944), 67.
111 Biondi, To Stand and to Fight, 33.
112 Biondi, To Stand and to Fight, 33.
113 Gerson, Pete, 129.
114 Daily Worker, April 20, 1942.
115 Daily Worker, May 25, 1942.
116 Daily Worker, August 5, 1939 (emphasis in the original).
117 Daily Worker, April 20, 1942.
118 “Magnates as usual for army,” Daily Worker, May 25, 1942; “AL magnates shamed into fund boost,” Daily Worker, June 3, 1942.
119 Daily Worker, December 15, 1942.
120 Daily Worker, March 23, 1942.
121 Daily Worker, March 23, 1942; Daily Worker, April 13, 1942; Daily Worker, April 17, 1942; Daily Worker, May 25, 1942; Daily Worker, June 23, 1942.
122 Daily Worker, April 20, 1942.
123 Daily Worker, May 2, 1942.
124 Daily Worker, May 6, 1942.
125 Daily Worker, May 26, 1942.
126 Daily Worker, May 26, 1942.
127 Daily Worker, May 23, 1942.
128 Daily Worker, May 29, 1942.
129 Daily Worker, May 31, 1942.
130 Daily Worker, May 27, 1942; Daily Worker, June 5, 1942; Daily Worker, June 25, 1942; Daily Worker, June 27, 1942; Daily Worker, June 30, 1942; Daily Worker, July 15, 1942.
131 Daily Worker, June 7, 1942.
132 Daily Worker, June 5, 1942.
133 Daily Worker, June 25, 1942.
134 Fetter, Journal of Sport History, 28 (Fall 2001), 380–1; Pietrusza, Judge and Jury, 417–8; Hy Turkin, “Color Blind,” New York Daily News, July 21, 1942.
135 Fetter, Journal of Sport History, 28 (Fall 2001), 379–81; Pietrusza, Judge and Jury, 417–8.
136 Daily Worker, July 18, 1942; Daily Worker, July 19, 1942; Daily Worker, July 20, 1942; Baltimore Afro-American, July 25, 1942; Pittsburgh Courier, 1942; Los Angeles Times, July 18, 1942; Chicago Tribune, July 17, 1942; New York Herald-Tribune, July 17, 1942; New York Daily News, July 25, 1942. The New York Times carried no report. One paper that reported the story, but without reference to the Daily Worker, was PM, its competitor for New York's Popular Front-oriented readership, an omission sharply noted by the Daily Worker. See, PM, July 17, 1942; PM, July 19, 1942; Daily Worker, July 21, 1942.
137 Dan Parker quoted in Pittsburgh Courier, July 25, 1942; Peter Golenbock, Bums: An Oral History of the Brooklyn Dodgers (Chicago, IL: Contemporary Books), 111.
138 Fetter, Journal of Sport History, 28 (Fall 2001), 380; Pietrusza, Judge and Jury, 514, n. 48.
139 Pittsburgh Courier, August 5, 1939 (capitalization as in original).
140 See, Daily Worker, March 23, 1942; Lester Rodney, “White Dodgers, black Dodgers” in Dorinson & Warmund, eds., Jackie Robinson, 91.
141 Daily Worker, August 6, 1939; Daily Worker, August 7, 1939. In its April 1947 summary of its campaign against the color line “Daily Worker led war on baseball Jimcrow,” the paper quoted Durocher as saying in 1939 simply that “some of the Negro players belong in the big leagues. We all know their capabilities.” Daily Worker, April 12, 1947.
142 Conrad Komorowski, “‘No comment,’ says Landis,” Daily Worker, June 24, 1942.
143 Daily Worker, July 18, 1942; Daily Worker, August 19, 1942; Daily Worker, August 20, 1942.
144 Daily Worker, July 18, 1942.
145 Daily Worker, July 28, 1942 (“Tryouts in Pittsburgh promised by Pirate owner”); Daily Worker, July 29, 1942 (“Cleveland to consider Negro players”); Daily Worker, July 31, 1942 (“Phils willing to sign Negroes”). PM ran similar reports of purported major league readiness to consider black playing talent. PM, July 19, 1942.
146 Baltimore Afro-American, July 25, 1942.
147 Keck quoted in Pittsburgh Courier, July 25, 1942.
148 Chicago Defender, July 25, 1942.
149 Baltimore Afro-American, August 1, 1942.
150 Baltimore Afro-American, August 1, 1942.
151 PM, July 17, 1942.
152 Tygiel, Baseball's Great Experiment, 39–40.
153 Daily Worker, August 23, 1936.
154 Ryan, Earl Browder, 218.
155 Si Gerson, “Class angling Blondy Ryan,” Daily Worker, January 2, 1934.
156 Daily Worker, March 21, 1947; Daily Worker, May 21, 1947.
157 Silber, Press Box Red, 79.
158 Tygiel, Baseball's Great Experiment, 41.
159 George Will, “Commencement: a vital civic virtue,” Bostonia, Summer 2003, available online at: http://www.bu.edu/alumni/bostonia/2003/summer/commencement/commence02.html.
160 Steve Sailer, “How Jackie Robinson desegregated America,” National Review, April 8, 1996, 38; Bill Veeck with Ed Linn, Veeck as in Wreck (New York: Ballantine Books, 1976), 173–5; Tygiel, Baseball’s Great Experiment, 40–1; Charles Alexander, Our Game: An American Baseball History (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1991), 194; G. Edward White, Creating the National Pastime: Baseball Transforms Itself 1903–1953 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996), 147.
161 Brad Snyder, Beyond the Shadow of the Senators: The Untold Story of the Homestead Grays and the Integration of Baseball (Chicago, IL: Contemporary Books, 2003), 215; American National Biography, vol. 13 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 107–8.
162 Bruce Stallsworth, “Letter to the editor,” Bostonia, Fall 2003.
163 David Pietrusza, Judge and Jury, 404–30, David M. Jordan, Larry Gerlach & John P. Rossi, “A baseball myth exploded: Bill Veeck and the 1943 sale of the Phillies,” The National Pastime, 18 (1998), 3–14. Tygiel is quoted in Pietrusza, Judge and Jury, 422; Tygiel, “Revisiting, Bill Veeck and the 1943 Phillies,” Baseball Research Journal, 35(2007), 109--14.
164 Pietrusza, Judge and Jury, 427.
165 On the resistance to integration among baseball team owners see Tygiel, Baseball’s Great Experiment, 80–6; “Preliminary draft, report of major league steering committee for submission to National and American Leagues at their meeting in Chicago on August 27, 1946,”in US House of Representatives, Hearings before the Subcommittee on Monopoly Power of the Committee of the Judiciary, Part 6: Organized Baseball, 82d Congress, 1st session, 1952, 474–88. In 1953 ten of the sixteen major league teams remained all white. Tygiel, Baseball’s Great Experiment, 292.
166 Daily Worker, July 18, 1942; Daily Worker, July 19, 1942; Daily Worker, July 20, 1942; Baltimore Afro-American, July 25, 1942; Pittsburgh Courier, 1942; Los Angeles Times, July 18, 1942; Chicago Tribune, July 17, 1942; New York Herald-Tribune, July 17, 1942. The New York Times carried no report.
167 Pietrusza, Judge and Jury, 430.
168 Jack Epstein, San Francisco Chronicle, July 10, 2005.
169 Mardo, in Dorinson & Warmund, Jackie Robinson, 102; Tygiel, Baseball’s Great Experiment, 41; William Marshall, Baseball’s Pivotal Era 1945–1951 (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1999), 122.
170 Daily Worker, December 4, 1943; New York Times, December 4, 1943; Baltimore Afro-American, December 4, 1943; Baltimore Afro-American, December 11, 1943; Baltimore Afro-American, December 18, 1943; Ronald A. Smith, “The Paul Robeson–Jackie Robinson saga and a political collision,” Journal of Sports History, 6 (Summer, 1979), 5–29.
171 See Tygiel, Baseball’s Great Experiment, 37; Naison, in Spivey, ed., Sport in America, 140; Baltimore Afro-American, April 28, 1945; New York Times, April 18, 1945; New York Post, April 18, 1945; PM April 18, 1945; Fetter, Journal of Sport History, 28 (Fall 2001), 382.
172 Baltimore Afro-American, April 28, 1945.
173 The Daily Worker carried an account of the game that day as well as a Nat Low column headlined, “Anti-Jimcrow campaign reaches a new stage,” which urged readers “to continue writing and wiring the magnates,” neither of which mentioned the picketing at Yankee Stadium. Daily Worker, April 18, 1945.
174 Tom Gallagher, “Lester Rodney, the Daily Worker, and the integration of baseball,” in The National Pastime: A Review of Baseball History (Cooperstown, NY: Society for American Baseball Research, 1999), 78; Duffy, Village Voice, June 10, 1997.
175 Epstein, San Francisco Chronicle, July 10, 2005; Tygiel, American Communist History, 2 (1) (June 2003), 94.
176 Daily Worker, October 13, 1937; Daily Worker, October 12, 1938.
177 Norwood & Brackman, Journal of Sport History, 26 (Spring 1999), 115–41; Rampersad, Jackie Robinson, 120; Turkin, New York Daily News, July 21, 1942.
178 Daily Worker, June 5, 1942.
179 As reported in the Pittsburgh Courier, February 18, 1933; Chris Lamb, “‘What's wrong with baseball’: the Pittsburgh Courier and the beginning of its campaign to integrate the national pastime,” The Western Journal of Black Studies, 26 (Winter 2002), 189.
180 On LaGuardia and Goldstein see New York Times, August 12, 1945; New York Times, September 24, 1945; on Muchnick see Norwood & Brackman, Journal of Sport History, 26 (Spring 1999), 124–5.
181 On Rickey's politics see Carl Prince, Brooklyn’s Dodgers (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 23–5; for Rickey's reaction to pressure from the left see Tygiel, Baseball’s Great Experiment, 47; Rampersad, Jackie Robinson, 123.
182 Tygiel, Baseball’s Great Experiment, 43–4, 330–2; Norwood & Brackman, Journal of Sport History, 26 (Spring 1999), 124–5.
183 “Yankees won’t use Negro baseball players, Col. MacPhail tells Mayor,” New York Age, September 22, 1945; Nat Low, “Larry MacPhail defies state FEPC,” Daily Worker, September 25, 1945. The Yankees would not field a black ball player until 1955.
184 Naison, in Spivey, ed., Sport in America, 140.
185 New York Times, April 13, 1997 (“a reader seeking the best, liveliest coverage of Robinson's breaking of the modern major league color barrier” would find it in the Daily Worker, along with the black press).
186 See Fetter, Journal of Sport History, 28 (Fall 2001), 387–92; for black sportswriter Wendell Smith's more nuanced assessment of Dodger player attitudes at the time see Pittsburgh Courier, April 12, 1947.
187 Lester Rodney, “White Dodgers, Black Dodgers,” in Dorinson & Warmund, eds, Jackie Robinson, 87.
188 See Rampersad, Jackie Robinson, 171; Buhle & Fermanowsky, 65–6.
189 Daily Worker, April 29, 1947.
190 Tygiel, Baseball’s Great Experiment, 244–5; Buhle & Fermanowsky, 30.
191 Quoted in Tygiel, American Communist History, 2 (June 2003), 97.
192 Boylan, Columbia Journalism Review, 42 (January–February 2004), 59.