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Articles

After the Crisis and Beyond the New Constitutionalism? The Case of the Free Movement of Capital

Pages 803-818 | Published online: 12 Aug 2013
 

Abstract

This article examines the ‘new constitutionalism’ of the free movement of capital at the International Monetary Fund (IMF) after the global economic crisis. It is argued that the concept of new constitutionalism, as developed by Stephen Gill, is an indispensable concept to understand the still growing institutionalization of neoliberal policies in constitutions, laws, institutions, and regulations. The latest attempt to further extend the constitutionalization of the free movement of capital, one of the pillars of neoliberalism, is the IMF's newly developed ‘institutional view’ on capital flows. This approach, while more pragmatic than earlier attempts, can be understood as a renewed effort to prevent emerging markets and developing countries from installing capital controls and deviating significantly from neoliberal policies. However, emerging markets and developing countries have opposed this new IMF framework. As such, the ability to further extend the new constitutionalism of the free movement of capital is severely weakened.

Este artículo examina el ‘nuevo constitucionalismo’ del libre movimiento de capital en el Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI), después de la crisis económica global. Se sostiene que el concepto del nuevo constitucionalismo, como lo desarrolló Stephen Gill, es un concepto indispensable para entender la aún creciente institucionalización de las políticas neoliberales en las constituciones, leyes, instituciones y regulaciones. El último intento para extender aún más la constitucionalización del movimiento libre de capital, uno de los pilares del neoliberalismo, es la ‘visión institucional’ sobre los flujos de capital, recientemente desarrollada por el FMI. Este enfoque, aunque más pragmático que en intentos anteriores, puede entenderse como un esfuerzo renovado para prevenir a los mercados emergentes y a los países en desarrollo, de instalar controles de capital y la desviación de modo significativo, de las políticas neoliberales. Sin embargo, los mercados emergentes y los países en desarrollo se opusieron este nuevo marco del FMI. Como tal, la habilidad para extender más allá al nuevo constitucionalismo del movimiento libre del capital se ha debilitado mucho.

本文检讨全球经济危机之后在国际货币基金组织(IFM)内的资本自由流动的“新宪政主义”。由吉尔(Stephen Gill)提出的“新宪政主义”的概念,被认为是理解在宪法、法律、机构和规章方面仍然扩张的新自由主义的制度化的不可或缺的概念。最近的进一步扩大资本流动的宪政化即新自由主义的支柱之一的企图就是IMF新开发的关于资本流动的“制度观点”。尽管比之早先的观点更务实,这一企图可以看做是为阻止新兴市场和其它国家设立资本控制和实质性地远离新自由主义政策的最新努力。不过,新兴市场和发展中国家反对IFM这一新框架。因此,进一步延伸资本自由流动的“新宪政主义”的能力遭到严重削弱。

تتناول هذه الدراسة "النزعة الدستورية الجديدة" للانتقال الحر لرأس المال من خلال "صندوق النقد الدولي" في أعقاب الأزمة الاقتصادية العالمية. وتذهب الدراسة إلى القول بأن مفهوم النزعة الدستورية الجديدة، كما وضعه ستيفن غيل، هو مفهوم لا غنى عنه لفهم العملية المتنامية لترسيخ السياسات النيوليبرالية في الدساتير والقوانين والمؤسسات والنظم. وقد تمثلت أحدث محاولة للتوسع في إضفاء الطابع الدستوري على الانتقال الحر لرأس المال، وهو أحد أعمدة النيوليبرالية، في "وجهة النظر الدستورية" بشأن تدفق رؤوس الأموال، والتي وضعها "صندوق النقد الدولي" مؤخراً. ويمكن النظر إلى هذا التوجه، الذي يتسم بأنه ذو طابع عملي/نفعي أكبر من المحاولات السابقة، باعتباره محاولةً جديدة لمنع الأسواق الناشئة والبلدان النامية من التحكم في حركة رؤوس الأموال ومن الابتعاد بشكل ملحوظ عن السياسات النيوليبرالية. إلا إن الأسواق الناشئة والبلدان النامية قد عارضت هذا الإطار الجديد الذي وضعه "صندوق النقد الدولي"، وهو الأمر الذي أضعف إلى حد بعيد إمكان التوسع في النزعة الدستورية الجديدة للانتقال الحر لرأس المال.

이 글은 지구적 경제위기 이후 국제통화기금(IMF)에서 자유로운 자본 이동에 대한 ‘새로운 헌법주의”을 분석한다. 스테판 질이 발전시킨 새로운 헌법주의 개념은 헌법, 법, 제도와 규제에서 이루어지는 신자유주의 정책의 제도화를 이해하는데 없어서는 안될 개념이다. 자유로운 자본의 이동을 더 확장하려는 최근 시도는 신자유주의의 기둥으로 국제통화기금이 새롭게 발전시킨 자본 흐름에 대한 제도적 관점이다. 이 접근은 이전의 시도보다 더 실용적이지만, 새로운 시장과 개발도상국이 자본의 흐름에 대한 통제를 하지 못하게 하고 신자유주의 정책으로부터 벗어나지 못하게 하는 혁신된 노력으로 이해될 수 있다. 그러나, 새로운 시장과 개발도상국들은 국제통화기금의 이러한 새 정책에 반대하고 있다. 이와 같이, 자본의 자유로운 이동에 관한 새로운 헌법주의를 확대하고자 하는 역량은 심각하게 약화되었다.

Эта статья исследует “новый конституционализм” свободного движения капитала в Международном Валютном фонде (МВФ) после глобального экономического кризиса. Утверждается, что концепция нового конституционализма, разработанная Стивеном Гиллом, является незаменимой для понимания концепции растущей институционализации неолиберальной политики в конституциях, законах, институтах и правилах. Последняя попытка МВФ продлить конституционализацию свободного движения капитала, одного из столпов неолиберализма, недавно разработанный "институциональный взгляд" на потоки капитала. Этот подход, хотя и более прагматичный, чем более ранние попытки, может быть понят как возобновленные усилия по предотвращению того, чтобы возникающие рынки и развивающиеся страны установили контроль за движением капитала, значительно отклоняясь от неолиберальной политики. Однако, развивающиеся страны и рынки выступили против этой новой структуры МВФ. По существу, способность к дальнейшему расширению нового конституционализма свободного движения капитала сильно ослаблена.

Notes

1 Unless stated otherwise, this analysis comprises controls on both inflows and outflows.

2 Significantly, this reference to market-based measures has disappeared in the final institutional view.

3 In a certain sense, the IMF analysis echoes elements of structuralist and (post-)Keynesian economics. I thank one of the anonymous reviewers for this observation. However, while the analysis echoes these theoretical strands, in my view the proposed policies do not. Moreover, if one of the key attributes of ‘neoliberal ideology’ is ‘shared knowledge about the desirability of liberalizing capital controls in the long run’ (Chwieroth, Citation2007, p. 11), then clearly even the analysis does not deviate much from neoliberal ideology.

4 At least two cases present themselves. First, when the staff notes in its bilateral surveillance that countries use capital controls to manipulate their exchange rates; second, when capital controls in a country that applies for IMF resources affect the resolution to the country's balance of payments difficulties.

5 Batista is the Executive Director for a constituency that includes Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guyana, Haiti, Panama, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago.

6 It should also be noted that the IMF institutional view does not alter legal obligations under other international agreements which handle capital controls (which were sketched in the first part of the third section), such as the European Union Treaty and certain BITs. I thank one of the reviewers for this observation.

7 This is consistent with the neo-Poulantzian view that international institutions ‘are in the final analysis the result of the condensation of different power relations in the individual state apparatuses [and] we are dealing here with a second order condensation of societal relationships of forces’ (Brand and Görg, Citation2008, pp. 571–572).

8 Laksaci spoke on behalf of a constituency composed of Afghanistan, Algeria, Ghana, Iran, Morocco, Pakistan, and Tunisia.

9 Al-Tayer spoke on behalf of a constituency composed of Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Maldives, Oman, Qatar, Syria, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.

10 The G-24 is a group of 25 developing countries and emerging markets, namely Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, China, Colombia, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, India, Iran, Lebanon, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Syria, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Sacha Dierckx

Sacha Dierckx is a PhD candidate at the Ghent Institute for International Studies (GIIS), Department of Political Science at Ghent University. His dissertation examines the political economy of capital controls in Brazil, China, and India, the position of various social forces within these countries on capital account policies, and the impact of these countries' positions on the global regulation of capital controls in particular and the neoliberal world order in general. His research is funded by the Special Research Fund (BOF) at Ghent University.

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