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Part II: Legitimation and public-private governance

Old Wine in New Bottles? The Legitimation and Delegitimation of UN Public–Private Partnerships for Sustainable Development from the Johannesburg Summit to the Rio+20 Summit

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Pages 331-347 | Published online: 28 May 2014
 

Abstract

Global public–private partnerships for sustainable development have been framed as new instruments that can increase the democratic credentials and effectiveness of global governance. This article revisits 10 years of scholarship and practice of the 348 Johannesburg partnerships, adopted at the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development and reaffirmed at the UN Rio+20 summit in 2012. The article analyzes the contending processes of legitimation and delegitimation of partnerships. First, it makes a quantitative assessment of the Johannesburg partnerships to examine to what extent they correspond to the UN's discursive legitimation of partnerships as implementation tools and deliberative mechanisms. Second, drawing upon interviews with civil society and UN officials, we argue that the Rio+20 summit marked the delegitimation of Johannesburg partnerships, aligned with the phase-out of the Commission on Sustainable Development. Yet, the idea of partnerships as such was relegitimized as a symbolic asset. Partnering is a legitimation strategy for UN agencies to maintain their relevance and mission in an era when multilateralism relies on collaboration between state, market, and civil society actors.

RESUMEN.

Las asociaciones globales de los sectores público y privado para el desarrollo sostenible, han sido enmarcadas como nuevos instrumentos que pueden aumentar la eficacia y las credenciales democráticas de la gobernanza global. Este artículo ha vuelto a investigar 10 años de la academia y la práctica de 348 asociaciones de Johannesburgo, adoptada en la Cumbre Mundial sobre el Desarrollo Sostenible de 2002 y reafirmada en la Cumbre de las Naciones Unidas Rio+20 en 2012. El artículo analiza la contienda entre los procesos de legitimación y la deslegitimación de las asociaciones. Primero, hace una investigación cuantitativa de las asociaciones de Johannesburgo para examinar en qué medida, éstas corresponden a la legitimación discursiva de las Naciones Unidas de las asociaciones como instrumentos de implementación y mecanismos deliberativos. Segundo, partiendo de entrevistas con la sociedad civil y los funcionarios de las Naciones Unidas, sostenemos que la cumbre de Rio+20 marcó la deslegitimación de las asociaciones de Johannesburgo, en sintonía con la supresión gradual de la Comisión sobre el Desarrollo sostenible. Aunque la idea de las asociaciones como tales, estaba relegitimada como un activo simbólico. La asociación es una estrategia de legitimación para las agencias de las Naciones Unidas para mantener su relevancia y misión, en una era en donde el multilaterismo depende de la colaboración entre el estado, el mercado y los actores de la sociedad civil.

حُددت الشِراكات بين القطاعين العام والخاص على المستوى العالمي من أجل التنمية المُستدامة باعتبارها أدوات يمكن أن تزيد من المصداقية والفاعلية الديمقراطتيتين للحوكمة العالمية. وتراجع هذه المقالة 10 سنوات من الدراسة والممارسة بخصوص "شِراكات جوهانسبرغ"، البالغ عددها 348، والتي اعتُمدت في "مؤتمر القمة العالمي للتنمية المستدامة" المنعقد عام 2002، وأُعيد التأكيد عليها في مؤتمر "قمة الأمم المتحدة للتنمية المُستدامة" المعروف باسم "قمة ريو زائد مجموعة العشرين" المنعقد عام 2012. وتحلل المقالة العمليات العسيرة من أجل إضفاء الشرعية على الشِراكات ونزع الشرعية عنها. وتقدم المقالة، أولاً، تقييماً كمِّياً لشِراكات جوهانسبرغ لفحص مدى توافقها مع الشرعية المنطقية التي أضفتها الأمم المتحدة على الشِراكات باعتبارها أدوات للتنفيذ وآليات للتشاور. واستناداً إلى مقابلات مع عدد من ممثلي المجتمع المدني ومسؤولي الأمم المتحدة، ترى المقالة، ثانياً، أن "قمة ريو زائد مجموعة العشرين" دشَّنت عملية نزع الشرعية عن شِراكات جوهانسبرغ، كما أنهت في الوقت نفسه عمل "لجنة التنمية المُستدامة" التابعة للأمم المتحدة. إلا إنه أُعيد إضفاء الشرعية على الشِراكات باعتبارها أصلاً رمزياً. وتُعد الشِراكة إحدى استراتيجيات إضفاء الشرعية (الشرْعَنة) التي تتبعها هيئات الأمم المتحدة من أجل الحفاظ على وجودها ومهامها في مرحلة تعتمد فيها تعددية الأطراف على التعاون ما بين الدولة والسوق وعناصر المجتمع المدني.

요약

지속가능한 발전을 위한 지구적 민관협력은 민주적 발전과 지구적 거버넌스의 효과를 증진시킬 수 있다. 이 논문은 2002년 지속가능한 발전을 위한 세계정상회의에서 채택되고 2012년 UN리오+20 정상회의에서 다시 승인된 348개 요하네스버그 파트너 십의 연구와 실천 10년을 다시 살펴본다. 이 글은 경쟁적인 파트너 십의 정당화와 탈정당화 과정을 분석한다. 첫째, 이 논문은 집행 수단과 심의 기제로서 UN이 파트너 십을 담론적으로 정당화하는 것과 어느 정도 일치하는가를 검토하기 위하여 요하네스버그 파트너 십을 양적으로 평가한다. 둘째, 시민사회와 유엔 직원들을 인터뷰하여 리오+20 정상회담이 지속가능 발전을 위한 위원회의 폐지와 함께 요하네스버그 파트너 십의 탈정당화를 드러낸다. 그러나, 파트너 십 아이디어 자체는 다시 상징적 자산으로 정당화되었다. 파트너를 맺는 것이 다자주의가 국가, 시장과 시민사회 행위자들 간의 협력에 의존할 때 UN 기관들의 자신들의 관련성과 의무를 유지하기 위한 정당화 전략이다.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers that provided constructive comments to improve the manuscript. We are also grateful to this issue's guest editor Magdalena Bexell for valuable input. The article has been made possible through funding from Riksbankens Jubileumsfond (RJ, Sweden) within the Transdemos research program.

Notes

1 These are also called Johannesburg partnerships, WSSD partnerships, Type II initiatives or partnerships for sustainable development. In this article, we use the term ’Johannesburg partnerships'.

2 Quote from the website of the Partnership Forum, http://www.uncsd2012.org/partnershipregistry.html.

3 The quantitative analysis is based on a master's thesis by M. Kylsäter (Citation2011).

4 Interviews and participatory observation were conducted by Karin Bäckstrand at the UN Rio+20 Summit, 18–22 June 2012 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and at the UN DESA/DSD in New York, 1–5 October 2013.

5 The series of 22 interviews of ‘partnership drivers’ can be found online at http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnershipdrivers.html or YouTube http://www.youtube.com/user/uncsd2012 http://www.youtube.com/user/uncsd2012.

6 The CSD Partnership Database was accessible at the website http://webapps01.un.org/dsd/partnerships/public/welcome.do between 2004 and 2012. In conjunction with the Rio+20 summit, the database was replaced a partnership registry, see note 2.

7 The new UN sustainable development website was launched in September 2012, http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/. The Partnership Registry has been replaced by a registry of 1418 Action Networks, http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?menu=1348 in 2013.

Additional information

Karin Bäckstrand is professor in political science at Lund University. Her research revolves around global environmental politics, the role of scientific expertise in environmental decision-making, the politics of climate change, and the democratic legitimacy of global governance. Karin's work is published in journals such as Global Environmental Politics, European Journal of International Relations, and Environmental Politics. One of her recent publications is the co-edited anthology Environmental Politics After the Deliberative Turn: Examining the Promise of New Modes of Governance (Edward Elgar, 2010). She is currently working on a book called Democratizing Global Environmental Governance? Comparing Civil Society Participation in UN Climate Change and Sustainable Development Diplomacy.

Mikael Kylsäter is a PhD candidate at the Department of Political Science at Lund University. His dissertation research is concerned with the issue of political steering of the use of natural resources, with a focus on Swedish forest governance.

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