Revisiting Camões’ Sonnets: Anthologies, Translations and Canonicity

Abstract

This article focuses on the pre-eminence of the sonnet within Portuguese literary production and, in particular, on the sonnets of Camões, their critical reception in English translation and the frequency of their publication in journals, poetry collections and anthologies.

Key words:

• Portuguese sonnet
• Luís de Camões
• English translations of Camões
• anthologies
• reception of Camões
• sixteenth-century Portuguese lyric poetry

Notes

1 See, for example, Jorge de Sena, Trinta anos de Camões: 1948–1978. Estudos camonianos e correlatos, 2 vols (Lisboa: Edições 70, 1980) and his Os sonetos de Camões e o soneto quinhentista peninsular, 2ª ed. (Lisboa: Edições 70, 1981). See also Vanda Anastácio’s critical appraisal in ‘Revisitação do trabalho de Jorge de Sena sobre o soneto peninsular’, in Jorge de Sena: Ressonâncias e Cinquenta Poemas, coord. Gilda Santos (Rio de Janeiro: Sete Letras, 2006), 144–56.

2 Edward Glaser, ‘A Biblical Theme in Iberian Poetry of the Golden Age: “Seven Years a Shepherd Jacob Served” ’, Studies in Philology, 52:4 (1955), 524–48; T. F. Earle, ‘A Portuguese Sonnet Sequence of the Sixteenth Century’, BHS, LXIII:3 (1986), 225–34; Xosé Manuel Dasilva Fernández, ‘De tão divino acento em voz humana’: leituras dos sonetos de Camões (Vigo: Univ. de Vigo, 2001), and his ‘Comentário a um soneto (autêntico) de Camões: “Em quanto quis Fortuna que tivesse” ’, Limite, 5 (2011), 49–73; Hélio J. S. Alves, ‘A propósito do soneto O dia em que eu nasci e do seu autor’, in Estudos para Maria Idalina Rodrigues, Maria Lucília Pires, Maria Vitalina Leal de Matos, ed. Isabel Almeida, Maria Isabel Rocheta & Teresa Amado (Lisboa: Depto de Literaturas Românicas da Faculdade de Letras da Univ. de Lisboa, 2007), 263–95, and his ‘Ainda a propósito do soneto “O dia em que eu nasci moura e pereça” ’, Diacrítica, 23:3 (2009), 213–26; R. C. Willis, ‘Swansong: Luís de Camões: “O cisne, quando sente ser chegada” ’, in Commentaries in Honour of Tom Earle, ed. Cláudia Pazos-Alonso & Stephen Parkinson (Oxford: Legenda/Modern Humanities Research Association/Maney Publishing, 2013), 61–70.

3 Maria do Céu Fraga, ‘O tempo e o espaço: a errância na lírica camoniana’, Floema, VI:7 (2010), 43–59; Demetrius Basdekis, ‘Death in the Sonnets of Shakespeare and Camões’, Hispania (USA), 46:1 (1963), 102–05.

4 Frederico Lourenço, ‘Alguns problemas de crítica textual nas Rimas de Camões’, Diacrítica, 23:3 (2009), 199–212; Vanda Anastácio, ‘A criação de um poeta nacional: breve panorâmica das edições da lírica camoniana entre 1595 e 1870’, Floema, VI:7 (2010), 61–74. Canonical studies include Luís de Camões, Rimas, texto establecido, revisto e prefaciado por Álvaro Júlio da Costa Pimpão (Coimbra: Atlântida Editora, 1973; repr. Coimbra: Almedina, 1994), and numerous publications by Leodegário A. de Azevedo Filho.

5 Post-Imperial Camões, ed. João Ricardo Figueiredo, Portuguese Literary & Cultural Studies, 9 (2002).

6 Isabel Morujão, ‘Entre o profano e o religioso. Processos de divinização na poesia de Soror Violante do Céu’, Península. Revista de Estudos Ibéricos, 1 (2004), 277–87, and her Por trás da grade: poesia monástica feminina em Portugal—sécs. XVI–XVIII (Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda, 2013); Gwen Fox, Subtle Subversions: Reading Golden Age Sonnets by Iberian Women (Washington, DC: Catholic Univ. of America Press, 2008); Vanda Anastácio, A Marquesa de Alorna (1750–1839) (Lisboa: Prefácio, 2009), and her anthology, Uma antologia improvável: a escrita das mulheres (séculos XVI a XVIII) (Lisboa: Relógio d’Água, 2013).

7 See Maria Eugénia de Carvalho Penteado, ‘Luís de Camões traduzido pelo Visconde de Strangford’, in Camões em Inglaterra, ed. Maria Leonor Machado de Sousa (Lisboa: Ministério da Educação, Instituto de Cultura e Língua Portuguesa, 1992), 122–51; João Paulo Ascenso Pereira da Silva, Temas, mitos e imagens de Portugal numa revista inglesa do Porto: ‘The Lusitanian’ (1844–1845) (Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian/Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, 2001), 344–49. See also Miguel Nuno Mercês de Mello de Alarcão de Silva, ‘Edward Quillinan e Portugal’, MA thesis (Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1986), 116–24.

8 Landeg White, Translating Camões: A Personal Record (Lisboa: Univ. Católica, 2012); George Monteiro, review of Luís de Camões, Selected Sonnets, ed. & trans. by William Baer (Chicago/London: Univ. of Chicago Press, 2005), published in Luso-Brazilian Review, 43:1 (2006), 129–31.

9 Nuno Catharino Cardoso includes a very brief history in his Sonetistas portugueses e luso-brasileiros (Lisboa: Tip. Anuário Comercial, 1918).

10 John Adamson, Lusitania Illustrata: Notices on the History, Antiquities, Literature, etc., of Portugal. Literary Department, Part I. Selection of Sonnets, with biographical sketches of the authors (Newcastle upon Tyne: T. and J. Hodgson, 1842).

11 See Russell, in The Dublin Review, 27:54 (October 1876), 411–12.

12 Frederick Bouterwek, The History of Spanish and Portuguese Literature, trans. Thomasina Ross, 2 vols (London: Boosey and Sons, 1823), II, Portuguese Literature, 187–88.

13 William Sharp, ‘Critical Introduction on the Sonnet’, in his Sonnets of This Century (London: W. Scott. 1886), xxiii–lxiv (p. xxx).

14 Reviews, translations and biographies are found in: The Academy; Ainsworth's Magazine, The Annual Register or a View of the History, Politics, and Literature; The Annual Review and History of Literature; Argosy: A Magazine of Tales, Travels, Essays and Poems; The Athenæum; Augusta Chronicle; Bow Bells: A Magazine of General Literature and Art for Family Reading; Critical Review or Annals of Literature; Dublin University Magazine; The Eclectic Review; Edinburgh Review; The Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Review; The Gleaner's Port-Folio and Provincial Magazine; Hood's Magazine and Comic Miscellany; The Lady's Monthly Museum, or, Polite Repository of Amusement and Instruction; The Literary Magazine and American Register; The Monthly Mirror, Reflecting Men and Manners; Monthly Repository of Theology and General Literature; Monthly Magazine or British Register; Monthly Visitor and Pocket Companion; The New Monthly Magazine and Humorist; The Poetical Register and Repository of Fugitive Poetry; The Pic Nic; The Port Folio; Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art; The Scots Magazine and Edinburgh Literary Miscellany; The Southern Quarterly. For discussion of the importance of the Victorian press, in the United Kingdom and in Portugal, see Pereira da Silva, Temas, mitos e imagens de Portugal, Chapter 2, ‘O jornalismo literário oitocentista em Portugal e na Grá-Bretanha’, 106–20.

15 Jane Campbell, The ‘Retrospective Review’, 1820–1828 and the Revival of Seventeenth-Century Poetry (Waterloo: Waterloo Lutheran Univ., 1972), 27–28.

16 Maria Zulmira Castanheira, ‘Robert Southey, o primeiro lusófilo inglês’, Revista de Estudos Anglo-Portugueses, 5 (1996), 59–120.

17 William Christie, ‘The Modern Athenians: The Edinburgh Review in the Knowledge Economy of the Early Nineteenth Century’, Studies in Scottish Literature, 39:1 (2013), 115–138 (p. 118), <http://scholarcommons.sc.edu/ssl/vol39/iss1/12> (accessed 5 December 2016).

18 Wayne Hall, Dialogues in the Margin: A Study of the ‘Dublin University Magazine’ (Washington, DC: Catholic Univ. of America Press/Gerrards Cross: Colin Smythe, 2000), 13 & 17.

19 See for example the series ‘Leaves from the Portuguese Olive’, I–VI, Dublin University Magazine (1851–1856), and Denis Florence MacCarthy, ‘Carols from the Cancioneros’, Dublin University Magazine, 67:402 (June 1866), 697–98.

20 See Bartholomew Frere (1776–1851), author of ‘ART. III. Poems from the Portuguese of Luis de Camoens, with Remarks on His Life and Writings. Notes, &c. &c.’, Edinburgh Review, 6:11 (April 1805), 43–50 (p. 44). Fernandes Costa published a commentary/translation of this review, ‘Poemas de Camões traduzidos por Lord Strangford. Defesa do poeta português por Lord Byron e por um crítico da Escócia’, in the Boletim da Classe de Letras da Academia das Sciências de Lisboa, 13 (1918–1919) (Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade, 1921), 312–43.

21 Monica Letzring, ‘Strangford's Poems from the Portuguese of Luis de Camoens’, Comparative Literature, 23:4 (1971), 289–311 (p. 299).

22 For convenience and consistency, incipits and poems cited in this study have been taken from Sonetos de Camões: corpus dos sonetos camonianos, ed. & notas por Cleonice Serôa da Motta Berardinelli (Paris: Jean Touzot Libraire-Editeur, 1980).

23 See Leslie A. Marchand's comment: ‘of all British journals in the early Victorian period probably only the Foreign Quarterly Review and the Westminster competed with the Athenæum in an open-minded and understanding attitude towards foreign literature, and none covered the field more thoroughly’ (‘The Athenaeum’: A Mirror of Victorian Culture [Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1941], 49.

24 Felicia Hemans, Translations from Camoens, and Other Poets (London: S. and J. Collingwood for J. Murray/Oxford: J. Parker, 1818). For the background to Mrs Hemans’ publishing initiatives, see Paula R. Feldman, ‘The Poet and the Profits: Felicia Hemans and the Literary Marketplace’, Keats-Shelley Journal, 46 (1997), 148–76.

25 For details of Camões’ projection in the American cultural press, see Letzring, ‘Strangford's Poems from the Portuguese of Luis de Camoens’ and Norwood Andrews, Jr, ‘Toward an Understanding of Camões’ Presence As a Lyric Poet in the Nineteenth-Century’, Luso-Brazilian Review, 17:2 (1980), 171–85. See, for translations by Southey, The Port Folio, 13 (1822), 262–63, and by Wilde [not named], The Port Folio, 19 (1825), 249.

26 Bow Bells: A Magazine of General Literature and Art for Family Reading, 5:112, 19 September 1866, p. 174.

27 ‘Art. IV. Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Luis de Camoens’, The Eclectic Review, 14 (December 1820), 559–71.

28 Argosy: A Magazine of Tales, Travels, Essays, and Poems, 52 (October 1891), 329.

29 See, from Camoens, ‘Thy lovely charms, celestial maid’, The Lady's Monthly Museum, or, Polite Repository of Amusement and Instruction, 12 (January 1804), 64. The translator is not named, nor is there any indication of the title of the original poem. However, the same poem is reproduced in The Spirit of the Public Journals for 1804, 114, and is attributed to ‘Old Nick’, with the heading ‘Beauty. From the Poetry of Camoens’, followed by the quotation ‘—quando te vejo perdo a lingoa / E quando não te vejo perdo o siso’, taken from the second tercet of the sonnet ‘Formosura do Céu a nós descida’.

30 Notes and Queries, Series 10, Vol. VII, 169, 23 March 1907, p. 233.

31 See George Monteiro, The Presence of Camões: Influences on the Literature of England, America & Southern Africa (Lexington: The Univ. Press of Kentucky, 1996).

32 Obras de Luiz de Camões: precedidas de um ensaio biographico, no qual se relatam alguns factos não conhecidos da sua vida, augmentadas com algumas composições ineditas do poeta, pelo Visconde de Juromenha, 6 vols (Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional, 1860–69), II (1861), Sonetos. Canções. Sextinas. Odes. Oitavas; Teófilo Braga, Parnaso de Luiz de Camões. 3 vols (Oporto: Imprensa Internacional, 1880), and his Camões: a obra lyrica e épica (Oporto: Livraria Chardron, de Lello & Irmão, 1911).

33 Isabel Allegro de Magalhães, ‘Nota Prévia’, to her Luís de Camões. Lírica. Antologia, História e Antologia da Literatura Portuguesa Século XVI 18 (Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 2001), 7.

34 Eugénio de Andrade, Antologia Pessoal da Poesia Portuguesa (Oporto: Campo das Letras, 1999), 538–39.

35 In addition to the works already mentioned, see: Félix Walter, La Littérature portugaise en Angleterre à l’Époque Romantique (Paris: Honoré Champion, 1927); Fran Paxeco, The Intellectual Relations between Portugal and Great Britain (Lisboa: Editorial Império, 1937); Luiz Cardim, Projecção de Camões nas letras inglesas (Lisboa: Editorial ‘Inquérito’, 1940); William C. Atkinson, British Contributions to Portuguese and Brazilian Studies (London/New York/Toronto: Published for the British Council by Longmans Green & Co., 1945; rev. ed. 1974), and Atkinson, ‘Camoens and the Sons of Lusus’. A Lecture Delivered at Canning House to Commemorate the 400^th Anniversary of the First Publication of ‘Os Lusíadas’ by Camoens (London: The Hispanic and Luso Brazilian Council, 1973); Carlos Estorninho, ‘O culto de Camões em Inglaterra’, Arquivo de Bibliografia Portuguesa, 6 (1961), 152–69; Monica Letzring, ‘The Influence of Camoens in English Literature’, Revista Camoniana, 1 (1964), 158–80; 2 (1965), 27–54; 3, (1971), 57–134; Frederick C. H. Garcia, ‘Richard Francis Burton e Luís de Camões. O tradutor e o poeta’, Ocidente. Revista Portuguesa de Cultura, Nova Série, 83, número especial (1972), 61–82; George C. Hart, ‘Camões em inglês’, Ocidente. Revista Portuguesa de Cultura, Nova Série, 83, número especial (1972), 183–213; S. George West, ‘Camoens in the Periodical Literature of the British Isles, 1771–1790', in Actas da I Reunião Internacional de Camonistas (Lisboa: Comissão Executiva do IV Centenário da Publicação de Os Lusíadas, 1973), 473–78; Norwood Andrews, Jr, ‘A projecção de Camões e d’Os Lusíadas nos Estados Unidos da América’, in Os Lusíadas, 3 vols (Lisboa: Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, 1980–84), III (1984), Estudos sobre a projecção de Camões em culturas e literaturas estrangeiras, 331–449; Maria Eugénia Igreja, ‘A lírica de Camões em língua inglesa’, in Camões em Inglaterra, ed. Machado de Sousa, 96–121; João Paulo Ascenso Pereira da Silva, ‘John Adamson e o mito romântico de Camões’, in Camões em Inglaterra, ed. Machado de Sousa, 152–80; Fernando de Mello Moser, ‘Luís de Camões em Inglaterra’, in his Discurso inacabado. Ensaios de cultura portuguesa (Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1994), 193–230; Robert Edward Myers, ‘The Language of Camões: Modern Readers of The Lusiads and the Exclusion of Portuguese from the Western Canon’, PhD thesis (Yale University, 1995); George Monteiro, ‘Notes on Camões’, Revista de Estudos Anglo-Portugueses, 8 (1999), 7–15; P. A. Odber de Baubeta, ‘Camões in Translation: Further Discoveries’, Revista de Estudos Anglo-Portugueses, 12 (2003), 27–34; Maria Zulmira Castanheira, ‘ “The best laid schemes sometimes turn out the worst”: Robert Southey's Success and Failure’, Via Panorâmica, 2 (2009), 89–100; Entre Classicismo e Romantismo, ed. Jorge Bastos da Silva & Maria Zulmira Castanheira (Oporto: FLUP/CETAPS, 2013), <http://ler.letras.up.pt/uploads/ficheiros/11624.pdf> (accessed 5 December 2016).

36 Adamson, Lusitania Illustrata Part I, viii.

37 Vítor Aguiar e Silva, ‘The Songs of Melancholy: Aspects of Mannerism in Camões’, in A Revisionary History of Portuguese Literature, ed. Miguel Tamen & Helena Buescu (New York/London: Garland Publishing, 1998), 30–57.

38 Incipits of cantigas are from the database at <http://cantigas.fcsh.unl.pt/index.asp?ling=eng> (accessed 5 December 2016).

39 Nuno Catarino Cardoso, Os Poetas da Dôr e do Desalento: seguidos do cancioneiro de poetas portugueses e brasileiros pouco conhecidos ou já esquecidos, 2ª ed. (Lisboa: Portugália, 1926).

40 The relationship between anthologies, translation and canon formation is discussed in P. A. Odber de Baubeta, The Anthology in Portugal: A New Approach to the History of Portuguese Literature in the Twentieth Century (Oxford/Bern/Berlin/Bruxelles/Frankfurt am Main/New York/Wien: Peter Lang, 2007). This work also contains a catalogue of anthologies.

41 Ton Naaijkens, ‘The World of World Poetry: Anthologies of Translated Poetry As a Subject of Study’, Neophilologus, 90:3 (2006), 509–20 (p. 516).

42 For example, The Lyric Repository, A Selection Of Original, Ancient, And Modern, Songs, Duets, Catches, Glees, And Cantatas, Distinguished For Poetical and Literary Merit (London: printed by L. Wayland, for J. French, 1787). See David Duff, ‘The Retuning of the Sky: Romanticism and Lyric’, in The Lyric Poem: Formations and Transformations, ed. Marion Thain (Cambridge: Cambridge U. P., 2013), 135–55, for a detailed analysis of how The Lyric Repository and similar works were assembled, and the purposes they fulfilled. See also The Vocal Library: Being the Largest Collection of English, Scottish, and Irish Songs Ever Printed in a Single Volume. Selected from the Best Authors between the Age of Shakspeare, Jonson, and Cowley, and That of Dibdin, Wolcot, and Moore (London: John Souter, 1818), which contains twenty-three translations of Camões’ poems by Strangford, four of which are sonnets. This compilation was reprinted several times. Strangford's translation of the Spanish poem ‘Tiempo! que todo mudas’—‘Flowers are fresh, and bushes green’, better known to English readers as ‘Blighted Love’, was very popular in England and the USA, probably because of its title, while his rendering of ‘Sepa, quien padece / Que en la sepoltura’ as ‘O weep not thus—we both shall know’ was selected by Elizabeth Scott for Specimens of British Poetry: Chiefly Selected from Authors of High Celebrity, and Interspersed with Original Writings (Edinburgh: James Ballantyne and Co., 1823), 365–66, and by Robert Malcolm for Lyrical Gems: A Selection of Moral, Sentimental, and Descriptive Poetry, from the Works of the Most Popular Modern Writers, Interspersed with Originals (Glasgow: Printed for Richard Griffin and Co and Daniel Weir, Greenock, 1825), 336. Richard Garnett's version of ‘Dexadme, centinelas dulces mías’—‘Leave me, all sweet refrains my lip hath made’—was a perennial favourite with anthologists, including Thomas Walsh (1920).

43 John Adamson, J. J. Aubertin, Philip Ayers, William Baer, Mark Bajus, Vincent Barletta, Reginald Barter, Aubrey Fitz Gerald Bell, Josiah Blackmore, Keith Bosley, Richard Burton, Roy Campbell, Mrs Cockle, Rip Cohen, Leonard Downes, Anna Harriet Drury, Fidelino de Figueiredo, Bartholomew Frere, Richard Garnett, Jonathan Griffin, Henry Hersch Hart, William Hayley, Felicia Hemans, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Alec Derwent Hope, Paul Hyland, James Hyslop, Edward Vaugh Hyde Kenealy, Philip Krummrich, Alexis Levitin, Cici Malik, James Clarence Mangan, George Monteiro, Isabel Moutinho, Robert Edward Myers, Robert Patrick Newcomb, ‘Old Nick’, Stephen Parkinson, Katherine Ward Parmalee, Cláudia Pazos-Alonso, Fernando Pessoa, Edward Quillinan, Thomas Roscoe, Thomas Russell, Harold B. Segel, Justino de Sousa, Robert Southey, Collard Stock, Lord Strangford, Glen Levin Swiggett, Mortimer Tait, J. B. Trend, A. A. Watts, David Wevill, Landeg White, ‘Speranza’ [Lady Wilde], Richard Henry Wilde, Frederick Williams, R. C. Willis, Sir George Young, Richard Zenith.

44 Recent translators are: William Baer, Luís de Camões: Selected Sonnets. A Bilingual Edition (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 2005); Frederick G. Williams, Poets of Portugal: A Bilingual Selection of Poems from the Thirteenth through Twentieth Centuries (Provo: Brigham Young Univ., 2007); Landeg White, The Collected Lyric Poems of Luís de Camões (Princeton/Oxford: Princeton U. P., 2008); Richard Zenith, Sonnets and Other Poems by Luís de Camões (Dartmouth, MA: Center for Portuguese Studies and Culture, Univ. of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 2009); Vincent Barletta, Mark L. Bajus, Cici Malik (editors and translators), An Anthology of Iberian Lyric Poetry, 1400–1700 (Chicago/London: Univ. of Chicago Press, 2013).

45 A. A. Watts, Poetical Sketches: The Profession, the Broken Heart, etc.: with Stanzas for Music, and Other Poems, 3^rd ed., with additional poems (London: printed for Hurst, Robinson, 1824), 134.

46 S. G. West, ‘Mortimer C. Tait (1856–1937): An Unknown Translator from the Portuguese’, Arquivos do Centro Cultural Português, XXI (1985), 615–25.

47 My catalogue of Portuguese sonnets in translation has been published in the Revista de Estudos Anglo-Portugueses, 23 (2014), 11–90 (Patricia Anne Odber de Baubeta, ‘The Sonnets of Camões in English Translation’), although this will always be a work in progress.

48 I am extremely grateful to Margaret D. Beasley of University Archives and Special Collections, University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee, for kindly supplying a scan of Glen Levit Swiggett's version of ‘Alma Minha Gentil’, in his Sonnets from Foreign Lands (Sewanee: The Univ. of the South, 1957), which is the twenty-eighth translation of this poem to be identified.

49 Strangford's translation of ‘Quando o sol encoberto vai mostrando’—‘When day has smil’d a soft farewell’—did the rounds for more than a century, first appearing in Poems, from the Portuguese of Luis de Camoens, with Remarks on His Life and Writing (London: J. P. Carpenter, 1803), then shortly afterwards in the Annual Review, 2 (1803), 573, and the Edinburgh Review, 6:11 (1805), 47. Subsequently, despite Frere's unfavourable review, the same translation appeared in the following: The Literary Magazine and American Register, 1:1 (1803), 51–52; The Gentleman's Magazine (January 1805), 62; The Vocal Library (London: John Souter, 1818), 144 (with variant, ‘long farewell’); The Gleaner's Port-Folio or Provincial Magazine (Lewes: J. Baxter, 1919), 50; Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, The Poets and Poetry of Europe (Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1845), 745; Isabel Moore, Poet Lore, 18:3 (1907), 369. This popularity is only rivalled by Southey's translation of ‘Alma minha gentil’—‘Meek spirit, who so early didst depart’—which appeared in eight publications.

50 Isaac Goldberg, Camoens: Central Figure of Portuguese Literature (1524–1580), Little Blue Book 530, ed. E. Haldeman-Julius (Girard, KS: Haldeman-Julius Company, 1924). Reproductions of these translations were very kindly supplied by Professor Emeritus George Monteiro.

51 ‘Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Luis de Camoens’, The Eclectic Review (December 1820), 559–571.

52 Mary Shelley, Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men of Italy, Spain, and Portugal, 3 vols (London: Printed for Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & John Taylor, 1837), Vol. III. This is Volume 88 of the series ‘The Cabinet of Biography’, in Lardner's ‘Cabinet Cyclopedia’.

53 Harry Thurston Peck, ‘Louis de Camoens’, in The World's Great Masterpieces. History, Biography, Science, Philosophy, Poetry, The Drama, Travel, Adventure, Fiction, etc. A Record of the Great Things That Have Been Said and Thought and Done from the Beginning of History, ed. Harry Thurston Peck et al., 30 vols (New York: The International Society, 1901), V, 2238–52.

54 Helen Vendler, ‘Camões the Sonneteer’, Portuguese Literary and Cultural Studies, 9 (2002), 17–37 (p. 36).

55 Keith Bosley, in Luís de Camões: Epic and Lyric, trans. Keith Bosley, illustrations by Lima de Freitas, & essays by Maurice Bowra, Helder Macedo & Luis de Sousa Rebelo, ed. L. C. Taylor (Manchester: Carcanet in association with the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1990), 5.

56 See Dante, Petrarch, Camoens: CXXIV Sonnets, trans. Richard Garnett (London: John Lane/Boston: Copeland & Day, 1896), 140; and Camões: Some Poems, trans. Jonathan Griffin (London: The Menard Press, 1976), 27.

57 Fidelino de Figueiredo, Os Melhores Sonetos da Língua Portuguesa. Desde Sá de Miranda, seu introdutor em Portugal no século 16.°, a João de Deus no século 19 (Lisboa: Livraria Central de Gomes de Carvalho, 1907); José Régio, As mais belas líricas portuguesas. 1ª Série (Lisboa: Portugália, 1944); José Viale Moutinho, Os Mais Belos Poemas de Amor da Literatura Portuguesa, 2ª ed. (Vila Nova de Gaia: Editora Ausência, 2004).

58 Um ramo de rosas colhidas por José da Cruz Santos na poesia portuguesa e estrangeira (Oporto: Modo de Ler/Editores e Livreiros, 2010). This anthology has been kindly made available by translator Margarida Vale de Gato.

59 Douglas Tufano, De Camões a Pessoa. Antologia escola da poesia (São Paulo: Editora Moderna, 2000) and also his Antologia da poesia portuguesa de Camões a Pessoa, 2ª ed. (São Paulo: Salamandra, 2005); Sheila Moura Hue, Antologia de poesia portuguesa. Século XVI: Camões entre seus contemporâneos (Rio de Janeiro: 7letras, 2004); Henriqueta Lisboa, Antologia de Poemas Portugueses para a Juventude (São Paulo: Peiropolis, 2005)—‘Alegres campos, verdes arvoredos’ (58); Cleonice Berardinelli, Cinco séculos de sonetos portugueses—de Camões a Fernando Pessoa (Rio de Janeiro: Casa da Palavra, 2013), 29 sonnets.

60 See Camões, Rimas, ed. Costa Pimpão (see n. 4 above).

61 Luís de Camões, Lirica completa, prefácio & notas de Maria de Lurdes Saraiva, 3 vols (Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional-Casa de Moeda, 1980), II, Sonetos.

62 Sonetos de Camões: corpus dos sonetos camonianos, ed. Berardinelli (see n. 22 above).

* Disclosure Statement: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

* Includes versions by English, Scottish, Irish, Welsh, American, Canadian, Australian, South African, Indian and Portuguese translators.

* The asterisk at any entry under this heading denotes an anthology that has not been seen.