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Bulletin of Spanish Studies
Hispanic Studies and Researches on Spain, Portugal and Latin America
Volume 98, 2021 - Issue 1
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ARTICLES

El translenguaje en The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao: una lectura decolonial

Pages 127-150 | Published online: 12 Mar 2021
 

Abstract

El translenguaje es el uso bilingüe o multilingüe de repertorios lingüísticos, observable en la literatura, filmes y medios de comunicación. El autor dominicano-estadounidense Junot Díaz translenguajea en inglés y español en su novela The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao (2007). Este artículo investiga las funciones del translenguaje y sus conexiones con el pensamiento decolonial, empleando el análisis de contenido para identificar patrones, temas y efectos. Los resultados precisan cuatro funciones recurrentes del translenguaje. Algunos aspectos del pensamiento decolonial permean estas funciones, en cuanto a la forma y contenido de la narrativa además de la promoción de pensamientos marginados.

Notes

1 Junot Díaz, The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao (New York: Riverhead Books, 2007). En adelante, nos referiremos a la novela como Oscar Wao.

2 Cabe señalar que el fukú es una fuerza verídica en la realidad dominicana (la línea que separa a Yunior como narrador y a Díaz como autor a menudo se difumina en la narrativa): ‘A couple weeks ago, while I was finishing this book, I posted the thread fukú on the DRɪ fórum […] You should see how many responses I’ve gotten […] There are a zillion of these fukú stories’ (Oscar Wao, 6).

3 Véase Gwyn Lewis, Bryn Jones & Colin Baker, ‘Translanguaging: Origins and Development from School to Street and Beyond’, Educational Research and Evaluation, 18:7 (2012), 641–54.

4 Véase Ofelia García & Li Wei, Translanguaging: Language, Bilingualism and Education (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).

5 Véanse Gwyn Lewis, Bryn Jones, & Colin Baker, ‘Translanguaging: Developing Its Conceptualisation and Contextualisation’, Educational Research and Evaluation, 18:7 (2012), 655–70; y David Lasagabaster & Ofelia García, ‘Translanguaging: Towards a Dynamic Model of Bilingualism at School/Translanguaging: hacia un modelo dinámico de bilingüismo en la escuela’, Culture and Education/Cultura y Educación, 26:3 (2014), 1–16.

6 Véase Ofelia García, Bilingual Education in the 21st Century: A Global Perspective (Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009).

7 Ricardo Otheguy, Ofelia García & Wallis Reid, ‘Clarifying Translanguaging and Deconstructing Named Languages: A Perspective from Linguistics’, Applied Linguistics Review, 6:3 (2015), 281–307 (p. 283).

8 Véase Ramón Saldívar, ‘Historical Fantasy, Speculative Realism, and Postrace Aesthetics in Contemporary American Fiction’, American Literary History, 23:3 (2011), 574–99.

9 Ashley Kunsa, ‘History, Hair, and Reimagining Racial Categories in Junot Díaz’s The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao’, Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction, 54:2 (2013), 211–24; y Sarita Nyasha Cannon, ‘Recovering and Redefining Blackness in The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao’, Explorations in Ethnic Studies, 39–40:1 (2018), 1–18.

10 Paula C. Park, ‘Asian Latino Conflict and Solidarity in Díaz's The Brief and [sic] Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao’, CLCWeb. Comparative Literature and Culture, 17:2 (2015), <https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb/vol17/iss2/6/> (accedido 8 de enero de 2021).

11 Véase Adam Lifshey, ‘Indeterminacy and the Subversive in Representations of the Trujillato’, Hispanic Review, 76:4 (2008), 435–57.

12 Dixa Ramírez, ‘Great Men’s Magic: Charting Hyper-masculinity and Supernatural Discourses of Power in Junot Díaz’s The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao’, Atlantic Studies, 10:3 (2013), 384–405; y Maja Horn, ‘How Not to Read Junot Díaz: Diasporic Dominican Masculinity and Its Returns’, en su Masculinity after Trujillo: The Politics of Gender in Dominican Literature (Gainesville: Univ. Press of Florida, 2014), 123–38.

13 Katherine Weese, ‘ “Tú no eres nada de dominicano”: Unnatural Narration and De-naturalizing Gender Constructs in Junot Díaz’s The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao’, Journal of Men’s Studies, 22:2 (2014), 89–104.

14 Edward Paulino, ‘ “Silent Invasions”: Anti-Haitian Propaganda’, en Dividing Hispaniola: The Dominican Republic’s Border Campaign Against Haiti, 1930–1961 (Pittsburgh: Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, 2015), 116–49 (p. 116).

15 Christian Krohn-Hansen, ‘Making the Nation’, en su Political Authoritarianism in the Dominican Republic (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 157–71.

16 José David Saldívar, ‘Conjectures on “Americanity” and Junot Díaz’s “Fukú Americanus” in The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao’, The Global South, 5:1 (2011), 120–36; Fremio Sepúlveda, ‘Coding the Immigrant Experience: Race, Gender and the Figure of the Dictator in Junot Díaz’s Oscar Wao’, Journal of Caribbean Literatures, 7:2 (2013), 15–33; y Sonia Weiner, ‘Shape Shifting and the Shifting of Shapes: Migration and Transformation in Junot Díaz’s The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao’, en su American Migrant Fictions: Space, Narrative, Identity (Leiden: Brill/Rodopi, 2018), 116–49.

17 Paul Jay, ‘Transnational Masculinities in Junot Díaz’s The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao’, en su Global Matters: The Transnational Turn in Literary Studies (Ithaca: Cornell U. P., 2014), 176–94; Yomaira C. Figueroa, ‘Faithful Witnessing As Practice: Decolonial Readings of Shadows of Your Black Memory and The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao’, Hypatia, 30:4 (2015), 641–56; y Melissa González, ‘ “The Only Way Out Is In”: Power, Race, and Sexuality under Capitalism in The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao’, Critique. Studies in Contemporary Fiction, 57:3 (2016), 279–93.

18 Junot Díaz and the Decolonial Imagination, ed. Monica Hanna, Jennifer Harford Vargas & José David Saldívar (Durham, NC: Duke U. P., 2016).

19 Glenda R. Carpio, ‘ “Now Check It”: Junot Díaz’s Wondrous Spanglish’, en Junot Díaz and the Decolonial Imagination, ed. Hanna, Harford Vargas & Saldívar, 257–90.

20 Jennifer Harford Vargas, ‘Dictating a Zafa: The Power of Narrative Form As Ruin-reading’, en Junot Díaz and the Decolonial Imagination, ed. Hanna, Harford Vargas & Saldívar, 201–27.

21 Penelope Gardner-Chloros, ‘Historical and Modern Studies of Codeswitching: A Tale of Mutual Enrichment’, en Multilingual Practices in Language History: English and Beyond, ed. Päivi Pahta, Janne Skaffari & Laura Wright (Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 2017), 19–36.

22 Vanessa Pérez Rosario & Vivien Cao, The CUNY-NYSIEB Guide to Translanguaging in Latino/a Literature (New York: CUNY-NYSIEB, The Graduate Center, The City Univ. of New York, 2015), 72; disponible en <https://www.cuny-nysieb.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/CUNY-NYSIEB-Latino-Literature-Guide-Final-January-2015.pdf> (accedido 8 de enero de 2021).

23 Véase el capítulo ‘The Translanguaging Turn and Its Impact’, en García & Wei, Translanguaging: Language, Bilingualism and Education, 19–44.

24 Ingrid Petkova, ‘Transculturación, translingüismo y la novela The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao de Junot Díaz’, Politeja, 3:60 (2019), 139–54.

25 Eugenia Casielles-Suárez, ‘Radical Code-switching in The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao’, BHS, 90:4 (2013), 475–87 (p. 477).

26 Maria Lauret, ‘ “Your Own Goddamn Idiom”: Junot Díaz’s Translingualism in The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao’, Studies in the Novel, 48:4 (2016), 494–512 (p. 495).

27 Véase Enrique Dussel, ‘Transmodernidad e interculturalidad (interpretación desde la filosofía de la liberación)’, Universidad Autonoma de Mexico-Iz (2005), 1–28; disponible en <https://red.pucp.edu.pe/wp-content/uploads/biblioteca/090514.pdf> (accedido 8 de enero de 2021).

28 Véase Nelson Maldonado-Torres, ‘Fanon and Decolonial Thought’, en Encyclopedia of Educational Philosophy and Theory, ed. Michael A. Peters (Singapore: Springer, 2017), 799–803.

29 Aníbal Quijano, ‘Coloniality of Power, Eurocentrism, and Latin America’, Nepantla. Views from South, 1:3 (2000), 533–80.

30 Véase Walter D. Mignolo, The Darker Side of Western Modernity: Global Futures, Decolonial Options (Durham, NC: Duke U. P., 2011).

31 Véase Maldonado-Torres, ‘Fanon and Decolonial Thought’.

32 Madina V. Tlostanova & Walter D. Mignolo, Learning to Unlearn: Decolonial Reflections from Eurasia and the Americas (Columbus: Ohio State U. P., 2012). Véase también Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks, trans. Charles Lam Markmann (London: Pluto Press, 2008 [1ª ed. en francés 1952]).

33 Véase Walter D. Mignolo & Catherine E. Walsh, On Decoloniality: Concepts, Analytics, and Praxis (Durham, NC: Duke U. P., 2018).

34 Lasagabaster & García, ‘Translanguaging: Towards a Dynamic Model’.

35 Boaventura de Sousa Santos, ‘Ecologies of Knowledges’, en su Epistemologies of the South: Justice against Epistemicide (London: Routledge, 2015), 188–211.

36 James Drisko & Tina Maschi, Content Analysis (Oxford: Oxford U. P., 2015).

37 García, Bilingual Education in the 21st Century, 119.

38 Luz Angélica Kirschner, ‘Puerto Rico: History, Culture, and Literature’, en World Literature in Spanish: An Encyclopaedia, ed. Maureen Ihrie & Salvador A. Oropesa, 2ª ed. (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2011]), 811–14.

39 Yunior nos cuenta que cuando nació Beli negra ‘no amount of fancy Dominican racial legerdemain was going to obscure the fact’ (Oscar Wao, 248). El uso de ‘indio/a’ para negar colectivamente raíces africanas asimismo se explica por Teresita Martínez-Vergne como prestidigitación, facilitada por la alteridad de los haitianos.

40 Véase Teresita Martínez-Vergne, ‘Race in the Formation of Nationality’, en su Nation & Citizen in the Dominican Republic, 1880–1916 (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2005), 82–104.

41 ‘Pana’, en Diccionario de la lengua española, 23ª ed. (Madrid: Real Academia Española, 2019), <https://dle.rae.es/pana?m=form> (accedido 8 de enero de 2021).

42 Véase Quijano, ‘Coloniality of Power’.

43 Ramón Grosfoguel, ‘World-Systems Analysis in the Context of Transmodernity, Border Thinking, and Global Coloniality’, Review (Fernand Braudel Center), 29:2 (2006), 167–87.

44 ‘Capitaleños’, en Diccionario de la lengua española: <https://dle.rae.es/capitaleño?m=form> (accedido 8 de enero de 2021).

45 Ministerio de Turismo, ‘About Dominican Republic: Our People’ (2019), <http://www.godominicanrepublic.com/about-dr/our-people/> (accedido 7 de septiembre de 2019).

46 Mary J. Fenwick, ‘Images of Quisqueya in Dominican Poetry’, Confluencia, 10:1 (1994), 15–25.

47 Yunior reflexiona: ‘some things (like white supremacy and people-of-color self-hate) never change’ (Oscar Wao, 264).

48 Véase Edith Wen-Chu Chen, ‘ “You Are Like Us, You Eat Plátanos”: Chinese Dominicans, Race, Ethnicity, and Identity’, Afro-Hispanic Review, 27:1 (2008), 23–40.

49 ‘Jabado’ [‘jabao’], en Diccionario de la lengua española, <https://dle.rae.es/jabado> (accedido 8 de enero de 2021).

50 ‘Carajito’, en Diccionario de la lengua española, <https://dle.rae.es/carajito?m=form> (accedido 8 de enero de 2021).

51 ‘Jojoto, ta’ [‘jojote’], en Diccionario de la lengua española, <https://dle.rae.es/jojoto> (accedido 8 de enero de 2020).

52 Yunior comenta de Oscar: ‘To say I’d never in my life met a Dominican like him would be to put it mildly’ (Oscar Wao, 171).

53 La definición de este vocablo fue difícil de encontrar (no aparece en el DRAE ni otros diccionarios bilingües). Nuestra explicación se deriva de sitios web no académicos.

54 Véase Quijano, ‘Coloniality of Power’.

55 Ramón Grosfoguel, ‘Decolonizing Post-colonial Studies and Paradigms of Political Economy: Transmodernity, Decolonial Thinking, and Global Coloniality’, Transmodernity, 1:1 (2011), 1–36 (p. 5).

56 Véase Mignolo & Walsh, On Decoloniality.

* Cláusula de divulgación: las autoras han declarado que no existe ningún posible conflicto de intereses.

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