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Miscellany

Whose melodrama is it anyway? women and the law in the work of Carmen de Burgos

Pages 765-783 | Published online: 19 Oct 2010
 

Notes

Carmen de Burgos, El artículo 438, La Novela Semanal 15 (Madrid: Prensa Gráfica, 1921), 32.

Carmen de Burgos, La malcasada (Valencia: Sempere, 1923), 250.

Carmen de Burgos, El abogado, in Carmen de Burgos, Mis mejores cuentos (Sevilla: Andaluzas Unidas, 1986 [1st ed. 1925]), 69–106 (pp. 103–04). Originally published in the series Los Contemporáneos (Madrid: Alrededor del Mundo, 1925).

Broadly speaking, the field can be divided into ‘law in literature’ and ‘law as literature’: the former examines the cultural representation of law and the latter explores the dis/similarities of legal and literary discourses and their functions in the various situations of human interaction. For good introductions to the debate, see Maria Aristodemou, Law and Literature: Journeys from Her to Eternity (Oxford: Oxford U. P., 2000); Law and Literature: Text and Theory, ed. Leonora Ledwon (New York: Garland, 1996); Richard Posner, Law and Literature (Cambridge, MA: Harvard U. P., 1998 [1st ed. 1988]); Ian Ward, Law and Literature: Possibilities and Perspectives (Cambridge: Cambridge U. P., 1995).

See the following works by Carmen de Burgos: El divorcio en España (Madrid: Viuda de Rodríguez Serra, 1904); La mujer en España: conferencia pronunciada en la Asociación de la Prensa Italiana en Roma el 28 de Abril de 1906 (Valencia: Sempere, 1906); Misión social de la mujer, conferencia pronunciada en la Sociedad ‘El Sitio’, 18 de febrero de 1911 (Bilbao: José Rojas Núñez, 1911); La mujer moderna y sus derechos (Valencia: Sempere, 1927).

For an extensive sample of her journalistic work on divorce, see Carmen de Burgos, El divorcio en España (Madrid: Viuda de Rodríguez Serra, 1904). For articles on female suffrage, see Heraldo de Madrid: 4 May 1906, p. 4; 5 May 1906, p. 4; her front-page survey about the vote under the title of ‘El voto de la mujer’: 22 October 1906; 29 October 1906; 2 November 1906; 3 November 1906; 5 November 1906; 7 November 1906; 9 November 1906; 11 November 1906; 13 November 1906; 14 November 1906; 15 November 1906; 17 November 1906; 18 November 1906; 22 November 1906; 25 November 1906; 19 December 1906. Later articles about the vote in which she has considerably changed her attitude to a more militant feminism are those of 17 October 1919, p. 1 and 6 May 1924, p. 5.

Cristina Enríquez de Salamanca, ‘La mujer en el discurso legal del liberalismo español’, in Catherine Jagoe, Alda Blanco, and Cristina Enríquez de Salamanca, La mujer en los discursos de género: textos y contextos en el siglo XIX (Barcelona: Icaria, 1998), 219–52 (p. 222).

Geraldine Scanlon, La polémica feminista en la España contemporánea, 1868–1974 (Madrid: Akal 1986), 139. See also Pilar Folguera Crespo, ‘Revolución y restauración. La emergencia de los primeros ideales emancipadores (1868–1931)’, in Historia de las mujeres en España, ed. Elisa Garrido González (Madrid: Síntesis, 1997), 451–92, who makes special mention of Carmen de Burgos: ‘El feminismo de Carmen de Burgos se encuentra en una posición intermedia entre un feminismo burgués y un feminismo obrero. La reivindicación del derecho al voto, la igualdad en el trabajo y la exigencia del principio de igual salario para igual trabajo, serán algunos de los presupuestos incluidos en su ideario’ (489).

Catherine Davies, Spanish Women’s Writing: 1849–1996 (London: Athlone Press, 1998), 117–36 (p. 117).

Enrique Barreiro, ‘La novela de quiosco en España’, Revista Española de la Opinión Pública, XVII (1969), 71–84 (p. 71).

For an extensive analysis of El Cuento Semanal, see Brigitte Magnien et al., Ideología y texto en ‘El Cuento Semanal’ (1907–1912), (Madrid: Ediciones de la Torre, 1986).

Luis S. Granjel, ‘La novela corta en España (1907–1936)’, Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos, No. 222 (1968), 477–508 (p. 478).

Granjel, ‘La novela corta en España’, 483–88.

The first four novellas were entitled: El tesoro del castillo, El Cuento Semanal 25 (Madrid: J. Blass, 1907); Senderos de vida, El Cuento Semanal 81 (Madrid: J. Blass, 1908); En la guerra, El Cuento Semanal 148 (Madrid: J. Blass, 1909); El honor de la familia, El Cuento Semanal 238 (Madrid: J. Blass, 1911).

Federico Sáinz de Robles, Espíritu y letra (Barcelona: Ariel, 1966), 111. He quotes Pérez Galdós without date or bibliographical details.

Peter Brooks, The Melodramatic Imagination: Balzac, Henry James, Melodrama and the Mode of Excess (New York: Columbia U. P., 1985), 14–15.

Daniel Gerould, ‘Melodrama and Revolution’, in Melodrama: Stage, Picture, Screen, ed. Jacky Bratton, Jim Cook and Christine Gledhill (London: BFI Publishing, 1994), 185–98 (p. 185).

See Gerould, ‘Melodrama and Revolution’, 191–94. For more details regarding melodrama in Soviet theatre, see Melodrama, ed. Daniel Gerould, New York Literary Forum 7 (New York: New York Literary Forum, 1980).

For a good introduction to women in Hollywood melodramas, see Home is Where the Heart Is: Studies in Melodrama and the Woman’s Film, ed. Christine Gledhill (London: BFI Publishing, 1987).

Brooks, The Melodramatic Imagination, 36.

For an excellent introduction to the functions of law, see Steven Vago, Law and Society (London: Prentice Hall, 1997 [1st ed. 1981]).

Brooks, The Melodramatic Imagination, 36.

Ibid., 36–37.

See El Código Penal de 1870, estudiado y explicado por José Álvarez Cid y Teófilo Álvarez Cid, (Córdoba: Juan Font, 1908), article 438:

El marido que sorprendiendo en adulterio a su mujer matase en el acto a ésta o al adúltero o les causara alguna de las lesiones graves, será castigado con la pena de destierro.

Si les causara lesiones de segunda clase, quedará libre de pena. Estas reglas son aplicables a los padres, en iguales circunstancias, respecto de sus hijas menores de veintitrés años y sus corruptores, mientras aquéllas viviesen en la casa paterna.

El beneficio de este artículo no aprovecha a los que hubieren promovido o facilitado la prostitución de sus mujeres o hijas.

According to the letter of the law Alfredo should have been sentenced to destierro, yet, with true melodramatic excess, not even that happens.

Aristodemou, Law and Literature, 2.

Miguel Romera Navarro, Feminismo jurídico (Madrid: Librería de Fernando Fé, 1910), 155–56 (my emphases). For other legal discourse of melodramatic proportions, see also: Víctor Espinós, El divorcio y el alma española (Madrid: Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos, 1915); José María González de Echávarri y Vivanco, Divorcio y delito (Valladolid: Andrés Martín, 1912); Manuel Góngora Echenique, Necesidad del divorcio (Madrid: Real Academia de Jurisprudencia y Legislación, 1918); José Francos Rodríguez, La mujer y la política españolas (Madrid: Pueyo, 1920); Diego María Crehuet, El feminismo en los aspectos jurídico-constituyente y literario (Madrid: Reus, 1920); Manuel López Vives, Los derechos de la mujer en el Código Civil (Valencia: Vicente Ferrandis, 1914); Miguel Romera Navarro, Ensayo de una filosofía feminista (refutación á Moebius) (Madrid: Revista Técnica de Inf.ª y Cab.ª, 1909).

Alex Kozinski, ‘Foreword’, in Paul Bergman and Michael Asimow, Reel Justice: The Courtroom Goes to the Movies (Kansas City: Andrews and McMeel, 1996), xi–xii (p. xi).

Peter Brooks, ‘The Law as Narrative and Rhetoric’, in Law’s Stories: Narrative and Rhetoric in the Law, ed. Peter Brooks and Paul Gewirtz (New Haven: Yale U. P., 1996), 16.

For an extensive bibliography on the subject, see Sheila Noonan, ‘Battered-Woman Syndrome: Shifting the Parameters of Criminal Law Defences (or [Re]inscribing the Familiar?)’, in Feminist Perspectives on the Foundational Subjects of Law, ed. Anne Bottomley (London: Cavendish Publishing Ltd, 1996), 191–221 (p. 192).

American Judges Association at http://aja.ncsc.dni.us/domviol/page6.html, accessed December 2003.

Carolyn Heilbrun and Judith Resnik, ‘Convergences: Law, Literature, and Feminism’, in Law and Literature: Text and Theory, ed. Leonora Ledwon (New York: Garland, 1996), 91–126.

See also Carol Smart, Feminism and the Power of Law (London: Routledge 1989), 1, where she argues that the inclusion of women’s narrative in literary studies has been easier than in social sciences and law.

Heilbrun and Resnik, ‘Convergences’, 95.

José Luis Castillejo, Cincuenta pleitos de divorcio fallados por la Audiencia de Madrid y jurisprudencia del Tribunal Supremo, 1932–33 (Madrid: Sucesores de Rivadeneyra, 1934), 75–76. For case-studies in general, see Clemente de Diego and Emilio Miñana y Villagrasa, Casos de derecho civil español para uso de los estudiantes (Madrid: Reus, 1928).

The question of whether law has, or ought to have, any inherent moral value has been most famously discussed in the so-called Hart-Fuller debate. A discussion of this debate is beyond the scope of this article. For further details, see Lon Fuller, The Morality of Law (New Haven: Yale U. P., 1964) and Herbert L. A. Hart, The Concept of Law (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997 [1st ed. 1961]); also Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (London: Duckworth, 1977).

Brooks, The Melodramatic Imagination, 43.

For a definition of positive law see Leslie Basil Curzon, Dictionary of Law (London: Pitman Publishing, 1994 [1st ed. 1979]), 220: ‘The legal rules adopted and actually endorsed in formal fashion by the state’.

See Nicola Lacey, Unspeakable Subjects: Feminist Essays in Legal and Social Theory (Oxford: Hart, 1998), 6.

See Max Weber, Economy and Society (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1978).

For a more detailed discussion of El artículo 438, see Anja Louis, ‘Carmen de Burgos and the Question of Divorce’, Tesserae. Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies, V, No. 1 (1999), 49–63.

Thomas Elsaesser, ‘Tales of Sound and Fury: Observations on the Family Melodrama’, in Home Is Where the Heart Is, ed. Gledhill, 43–69 (pp. 49–50).

Eugenio G. de Nora, La novela española contemporánea (1927–1939), 2 vols (Madrid: Gredos, 1973), II, 49.

As indicated in footnote 26 above.

Elsaesser, ‘Tales of Sound and Fury’, 47.

Vago, Law and Society, 287.

Francisco Delgado Iribarren, El divorcio, ley de 2 de marzo de 1932: antecedentes, discusión parlamentaria, comentarios, doctrina, jurisprudencia, formularios para su aplicación (Madrid: Revista de Derecho Privado, 1932).

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