From Carmen Conde's Mientras los hombres mueren (1938) to En un mundo de fugitivos (1960) via the Florilegio de mujeres españolas (1952): contrasting discourses on the feminine in early Francoist Spain

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Notes

Antonio J. Onieva, Florilegio de mujeres españolas (Burgos: Hijos de Santiago Rodríguez, 1955. [1st ed. 1952]); Carmen Conde, Mientras los hombres mueren (Milan: Cisalpino, 1952). Subsequent references to these works will be placed in the text.

Jessamy Harvey, ‘Good Girls Go to Heaven’, in Constructing Identity in Contemporary Spain, ed. Jo Labanyi (Oxford: Oxford U. P., 2002), 113–27 (p. 125).

See Rachel Cooke, ‘It Ain't Half Hot Mum’, Observer, Review Section, 23 February 2003 (http://www.observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,6903,900786,00.html) on the controversy surrounding the representation of sexuality and drug abuse in Cecily von Ziegesar's Blair Waldorf series and Melvin Burgess' Lady: My Life as a Bitch. See also Robert McCrum, ‘Daemon Geezer’, Observer, 27 January 2002 (http://www.observer. guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,6903,640003,00.html) on the issues raised by the representation of God in Philip Pullman's fiction, including his condemnation by the Catholic Herald.

See Alicia Alted, ‘Education and Political Control’, in Spanish Cultural Studies, ed. Jo Labanyi and Helen Graham (Oxford: Oxford U. P., 1995), 196–200.

See J. N. Hillgarth, The Spanish Kingdoms 1250–1516, 2 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), II: Castilian Hegemony 1410–1516, 505–08.

See Helen Graham, ‘Gender and the State: Women in the 1940s’, in Spanish Cultural Studies, 182–95.

See Diccionario de historia de España, dirigido por Germán Bleiberg, 3 vols (Madrid: Revista de Occidente, 1968), II, 472. Luis Vélez de Guevara's Reinar después de morir is mentioned here in addition to the popular verse cited by Onieva.

Luis de Camoëns, Os Lusíadas, ed. Emanuel Paulo Ramos (Oporto: Porto Editora, 1987), 158.

Diccionario de historia de España, II, 494–97.

I am indebted to Alison Sinclair for the information that the Golden Rose was for Virtue. See Alison Sinclair, Valle-Inclán's ‘Ruedo ibérico’: A Popular View of Revolution (London: Tamesis, 1977), 40.

Even in Catalonia the ban on literature in Catalan was not wholly absolute from the mid 1940s on. In 1946 twelve books were published in Spain in Catalan, rising to sixty in 1948, and reaching ninety-six in 1954. Most of these books were poetry or ‘high literature’. See Història dels països catalans, ed A. Balcells (Barcelona: Edhasa, 1980), 710.

See Anton M. Espoler, Historia de la literatura catalana (Barcelona: Barcanova, 1993), 178.

See Leopoldo de Luís, Carmen Conde (Madrid: Ministerio de Cultura, 1982).

See ‘Carmen Conde’, http://www.escritoras.com, 6 April 2000.

Mientras los hombres mueren (Milan: Cisalpino, 1952); En un mundo de fugitivos (Buenos Aires: Losada, 1960).

Obra poética de Carmen Conde (1929–1966), ed. Emilio Miró (Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva, 1967). All quotations are taken from this edition.

See Harvey, ‘Good Girls Go to Heaven’, 115, for a discussion of the concepts of group charisma and group disgrace as employed by Norbert Elias out of Max Weber.

See Miguel Hernández, Poemas sociales, de guerra y de muerte, ed. Leopoldo de Luis (Madrid: Alianza, 1977).

Dámaso Alonso, Hijos de la ira, ed. Miguel J. Flys (Madrid: Clásicos Castalia, 1986), 73.