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Abstract
Pero López de Ayala's long career as soldier, adviser and diplomat in the service of the kings of Castile brought him into direct contact with most of the crises and problems which beset the state in the latter part of the fourteenth century. Of these problems, none can have appeared more intractable than the Great Schism of the Western Church, which began in 1378 and seemed no nearer a solution at the time of Ayala's death in 1407. During the reigns of Juan I (1379–1390) and Enrique III (1390–1406), Ayala was actively engaged in Castile's efforts to end the papal dispute, but his interest in the Schism was by no means purely an official one. The extent to which his conscience was deeply troubled by the spectacle of the Church divided is clear from the views he expressed on the crisis in three separate poems contained in the Rimado de Palacio, in each of which he prescribed a way by which unity might be restored to the Church.
Notes
1References to the text of the Rimado are to the version contained in MS 4055 of the B.N., Madrid, printed by A. F. Kuersteiner in vol. I of his paleographie edition, Poesías del canciller Pero López de Ayala, 2 vols. (New York 1920). In vol. II of his edition, Kuersteiner prints the largely similar but less reliable version of the text preserved in MS h.III.19 belonging to the Library of the Escorial.
1Translated extracts of this letter were published by N. Valois, in his La France et le grand schisme d'occident, I (Paris 1896), 205–07.
1 Translated extracts of this letter were published by N. Valois, in his La France et le grand schisme d'occident, I (Paris 1896), 205–07. 208–09 and 318.
2F. Meregalli, La vida politica del canciller Ayala (Milan 1955), 74.
3Ayala clearly approved of this “protestation”, and included a translation of it in his Crónica del rey D. Juan I, año III, c.i. He implies that Juan was wrong in not doing the same when he declared in favour of Clement. The edition of the Crónica I quote from later is that by C. Rosell, in BAE., LXVIII (Madrid 1953).
4For an account of the correspondence which Charles maintained with the Italian cardinals who seem to have been the first to suggest that a General Council be summoned, and for details of the important works written in favour of the project during his reign, see Valois, op. cit., I, 321–25.
1 For an account of the correspondence which Charles maintained with the Italian cardinals who seem to have been the first to suggest that a General Council be summoned, and for details of the important works written in favour of the project during his reign, see Valois, op. cit., I, 321–25. 381. The composition in question is the Apologia super generali Consilio which, despite its Latin title, is a French verse composition written in monorime quatrains. Together with a similar composition, entitled Lamentatio Ecclesie, it was published by Valois, op. cit., I, 382–94. He believes them to have been written about the same time by the same anonymous author.
2For a more detailed account of these events which followed the death of Charles V, see Valois, op. cit., I, 333ff.
3and 1382. See the likely theory to this effect, advanced by Meregalli, op. cit., 76–77.
1Besides the two mentioned earlier (see page 67, note 1) a further anonymous poem, written soon after the troubles of mid-1381, was published by P. Meyer and N. Valois in Romania, XXIV (1895), 197–218. (“Poème en quatrains sur le grand schisme, 1381”).
2Cf. Lamentado Ecclesie, (77–93), and the poem published by P. Meyer and N. Valois, (17–28). The accounts contained in these two poems are heavily biased in favour of Urban.
1Valois, op. cit., III, 109–10.
2 Valois, op. cit., III, 109–10. 116–19.
3Raynaldus, Annales ecclesiastici, VIII (Lucae 1752), l,col.a, and 6,col.a. Raynaldus does not mention that it had been decided at Segovia in 1396 that support would be given to the French solution if Benedict refused the Castilian compromise suggestion.
1A justificatory account of the different attempts to reach an understanding with Benedict XIII is contained in Enrique Ill's formal Declaration of withdrawal of obedience, published by E. Martène and U. Durand, in Veterum scriptorinn et monumcntorum . . . amplíssima collectio, VII (Paris 1733), cols. 613–22.
2 A justificatory account of the different attempts to reach an understanding with Benedict XIII is contained in Enrique Ill's formal Declaration of withdrawal of obedience, published by E. Martène and U. Durand, in Veterum scriptorinn et monumcntorum . . . amplíssima collectio, VII (Paris 1733), cols. 613–22. col. 619.
3This last phase of Ayala's diplomatic activity has not hitherto been mentioned by his biographers, but it was probably partly in consequence of it, that he was appointed canciller mayor of Castile in 1398, an office traditionally held by the archbishops of Santiago or Toledo.
4Valois, op. cit., III, 112, n.i.
5 Valois, op. cit., III, 112, n.i. 117–18. A more detailed account of these negotiations at Avignon, was published by Martène and Durand, op. cit., VII, cols. 556–59.
6Valois, op. cit., III, 120, n.i.
7 Valois, op. cit., III, 120, n.i. 137–38.
1Martène and Durand, op. cit., VII, col. 616. The passage forms part of Enrique Ill's Declaration of withdrawal of obedience.
2Valois, op. cit., III, 211–12 and 216.
3 Valois, op. cit., III, 211–12 and 216. 237.
4For an account of the delegations sent to these countries during the period 1398–1402, see Valois, op. cit., III, 289–91 and 294–303.
1 For an account of the delegations sent to these countries during the period 1398–1402, see Valois, op. cit., III, 289–91 and 294–303. 281.
2 For an account of the delegations sent to these countries during the period 1398–1402, see Valois, op. cit., III, 289–91 and 294–303. 281–82.
1Kuersteiner is at fault in printing “Veneçia” (827e). The MS gives “ Venencia ”, reproduced above.