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Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry Volume 33, 2018 - Issue 1
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Research Paper

Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-styrylquinolines as antitumour agents and EGFR kinase inhibitors: molecular docking study

Magda A.-A. El-SayedDepartment of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; ;Department of pharmaceutical chemistry, Faculty of pharmacy, Horus university, New Damietta, Egypt; Correspondence[email protected]
ORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9599-9248View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Walaa M. El-HusseinyDepartment of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; View further author information
,
Naglaa I. Abdel-AzizDepartment of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; View further author information
,
Adel S. El-AzabDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; ;Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azahr University, Cairo, EgyptORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7197-1515View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Hatem A. AbuelizzDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; ORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-7092-7544View further author information
ORCID Icon &
Alaa A.-M. Abdel-AzizDepartment of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; ;Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Correspondence[email protected], [email protected]
ORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3362-9337View further author information
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Pages 199-209 | Received 15 Sep 2017, Accepted 17 Nov 2017, Published online: 18 Dec 2017

Abstract

A new series of 4,6-disubstituted 2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)quinoline 4a,b–9a,b was synthesized by the reaction of 2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-6-substituted quinoline-4-carboxylic acids 3a,b with thiosemicarbazide, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, ethylcyanoacetate, and 2,4-pentandione. In addition, the antitumour activity of all synthesized compounds 3a,b–9a,b was studied via MTT assay against two cancer cell lines (HepG2 and HCT116). Furthermore, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibition, using the most potent antitumour compounds, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, and 8a, was evaluated. The interpretation of the results showed clearly that the derivatives 3a, 4a, and 4b exhibited the highest antitumour activities against the tested cell lines HepG2 and HCT116 with IC50 range of 7.7–14.2 µg/ml, in comparison with the reference drugs 5-fluorouracil (IC50 = 7.9 and 5.3 µg/ml, respectively) and afatinib (IC50 = 5.4 and 11.4 µg/ml, respectively). In vitro EGFR screening showed that compounds 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, and 8a exhibited moderate inhibition towards EGFR with IC50 values at micromolar levels (IC50 range of 16.01–1.11 µM) compared with the reference drugs sorafenib (IC50 = 1.14 µM) and erlotinib (IC50 = 0.1 µM). Molecular docking was performed to study the mode of interaction of compounds 3a and 4b with EGFR kinase.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Development of a novel antitumour drug with potent activity remains critically important due to the majority of human deaths globally being attributable to cancerCitation1–13. Epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) are an important class of kinase enzymes used in cancer treatment, which are overexpressed in several tumours, such as brain, liver, colon, prostate, breast, and non-small-cell lung cancersCitation14–18. The inhibition of EGFR is affected by blocking tyrosine kinase at ATP-binding sites with small molecules, such as quinazoline derivativesCitation19–22. Recently, afatinib, gefitinib, and erlotinib (), quinazoline derivatives designed to inhibit EGFR kinase, have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of non-small cell lung and breast cancersCitation23–29. Moreover, it was reported that the nitrogen atom at position-3 of the quinazoline core formed water-mediated hydrogen bond with Thr766 (gatekeeper residue) within the EGFR pocketCitation29,Citation30. On the contrary, bioisosteric replacement of the quinazoline ring system with quinoline, through conversion of the nitrogen atom at position-3 by carbon or carbonitrile fragments, yielded quinoline derivatives such as neratinib and pelitinib (), which are potent EGFR kinase inhibitorsCitation31–38. This bioisosteric replacementCitation39 did not require a water molecule to mediate the binding with the amino acid residue Thr766. 2-Styrylquinoline (SQ) derivatives have been reported as promising antitumour compounds against several tumour cell linesCitation40–43. Recently, a series of 2-styryl-4-aminoquinoline (SQ-I, ) was developed which possessed potent in vitro antiproliferative activity against lung, colon, and liver cancer cell lines, comparable to gefitinibCitation44.

Figure 1. Reported EGFR inhibitors and antitumour agents, and design of the newly synthesized 2-styrylquinolines.

Figure 1. Reported EGFR inhibitors and antitumour agents, and design of the newly synthesized 2-styrylquinolines.

The above-mentioned results encouraged us in designing and synthesizing a series of SQs, which are anticipated to be as potent as structurally related quinazoline bioisosteres. The antitumour activity of the target compounds was evaluated using two tumour cell lines, namely, human hepato-cellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) and human colorectal carcinoma cell line (HCT116)Citation45–48. In addition, some compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against the EGFR tyrosine kinase enzyme. Moreover, a molecular docking method was used to study the putative binding mode of the target molecules into the receptor pocket of EGFR kinaseCitation1,Citation8–9,Citation12,Citation30.

2. Experimental

2.1. Chemistry

Melting points (°C) were recorded using Stuart melting point apparatus and were uncorrected. IR spectra were recorded on a Mattson 5000 FT-IR spectrometer (in cm−1) (Mattson Instruments, Cambridge, UK) using KBr disk at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University. 1 H-NMR and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance spectrometer (400 MHz) in DMSO-d6 at Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA. The chemical shifts in ppm are expressed in δ units, using tetramethylsilane as an internal standard, and coupling constants in Hz. Mass spectrum analyses were performed on Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA) SID GC GC/MS, DSQ II in the Faculty of Science, Mansoura University. Reaction times were determined using a TLC technique on silica gel plates 60 F245E. Merck, and the spots were visualised by U.V. (366, 245 nm). Biological screening was conducted at the Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University. Compound 3a was prepared according to its previous reportCitation49.

2.1.1. Synthesis of compound 3b

A mixture of the appropriate 5-substituted isatin (5 mmol), 4-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)but-3-en-2-one (1) (0.945 g, 5 mmol) and potassium hydroxide (1.28 g, 23 mmol) in 50% aqueous ethanol (20 ml) was heated under reflux for 24 h. The reaction mixture was then diluted with 30% aqueous ethanol solution (20 ml) and neutralised with 50% acetic acid. The precipitated solid was filtered, dried, and crystallised from ethanol.

2.1.1.1. 2–(4-(Dimethylamino)styryl)-6-methylquinoline-4-carboxylic acid (3b)

Light yellow crystals; yield: 78%; m.p. 275 °C. IR (KBr) γ/cm−1: 3400–3448 (br, OH), 1681 (C = O acid). 1 H-NMR (400 MHz-DMSO-d6): δ 2.28 (s, 3 H, Ar-CH3), 3.00 (s, 6 H, 2CH3), 6.50 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H, styryl-H), 6.62 (d, J = 4 Hz, 1 H, styryl-H), 6.80 (d, 2 H, Ar-H), 7.45 (d, 2 H, Ar-H), 7.57 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H, Ar-H), 7.92 (s, 1 H, Ar-H), 8.03 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H, Ar-H), 8.35 (s, 1 H, Ar-H), 11.69 (s, 1 H, COOH, D2O exchangeable). 13C NMR (100 MHz-DMSO-d6): δ 21.5, 40.2, 111.1, 115.2, 124.5, 125.3, 126.8, 127.3, 127.5, 128.8, 129.9, 130.5, 132.1, 134.2, 144.9, 150.2, 166.8. MS (m/z%): 333 (M+ + 1, 10.55), 332 (M+, 42.60), 204 (100). Anal. Calcd for C21H20N2O2 (332.40): C, 75.88; H, 6.06; N, 8.43. Found: C, 75.91; H, 6.08; N, 8.47.

2.1.2. General method for synthesis of compounds 4a,b

Phosphorus oxychloride (4.6 g, 34 mmol) was added dropwise to an ice-cold mixture of compounds 3a,b and thiosemicarbazide (0.91 gm, 10 mmol) and the reaction mixture was heated under reflux for 8 h. The reaction mixture was cooled, poured into ice-cold water, and neutralised with 10% sodium carbonate solution. The precipitated solid was filtered, washed with water, dried, and crystallised from ethanol.

2.1.2.1. 5-(6-Bromo-2–(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)quinolin-4-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine (4a)

White crystals; yield: 82%; m.p. 223 °C. IR (KBr) γ/cm−1: 3380 (NH2), 685 (C-S-C). 1 H-NMR (400 MHz-DMSO-d6): δ 3.20 (s, 6 H, 2CH3), 6.53 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H, styryl-H), 6.61 (d, J = 4 Hz, 1 H, styryl-H), 6.86 (d, 2 H, Ar-H), 7.53 (d, 2 H, Ar-H), 7.54 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H, Ar-H), 8.00 (s, 1 H, Ar-H), 8.13 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H, Ar-H), 8.29 (s, 1 H, Ar-H), 8.97 (s, 2 H, NH2, D2O exchangeable). MS (m/z%): 453 (M+ + 1, 35.14), 451 (M+ –1, 62.03), 324 (100). Anal. Calcd for C21H18BrN5S (452.37): C, 55.76; H, 4.01; N, 15.48. Found: C, 55.80; H, 4.06; N, 15.51.

2.1.2.2. 5-(2-(4-(Dimethylamino)styryl)-6-methylquinolin-4-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine (4b)

White crystals; yield: 85%; m.p. 226 °C. IR (KBr) γ/cm−1: 3384 (NH2), 690 (C-S-C). 1 H-NMR (400 MHz-DMSO-d6): δ 2.20 (s, 3 H, Ar-CH3), 3.14 (s, 6 H, 2CH3), 6.48 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H, styryl-H), 6.60 (d, J = 4 Hz, 1 H, styryl-H), 6.78 (d, 2 H, Ar-H), 7.45 (d, 2 H, Ar-H), 7.61 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H, Ar-H), 8.10 (s, 1 H, Ar-H), 8.17 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H, Ar-H), 8.33 (s, 1 H, Ar-H), 8.91 (s, 2 H, NH2, D2O exchangeable). 13C NMR (100 MHz-DMSO-d6): δ 19.8, 40.9, 110.5, 116.4, 121.2, 122.8, 126.3, 127.1, 128.2, 130.0, 131.2, 132.5, 133.3, 142.6, 143.4, 151.0, 157.1, 162.0, 173.7. MS (m/z%): 389 (M+ + 2, 8.85), 388 (M+ + 1, 42.21), 387 (M+, 53.20), 259 (100). Anal. Calcd for C22H21N5S (387.50): C, 68.19; H, 5.46; N, 18.07; S, 8.27. Found: C, 68.22; H, 5.50; N, 18.13; S, 8.29.

2.1.3. General method for synthesis of 2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-6-substituted quinoline-4-carbonyl chlorides (5a,b)

Thionyl chloride (4.17 g, 30 mmol) was added to quinolone carboxylic acid 3 (10 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated under reflux for 3 h. After cooling, it was evaporated under reduced pressure and the obtained solid was used directly in the next step without further purification.

2.1.4. General method for synthesis of compounds 6a,b and 7a,b

A mixture of the acid chloride 5 (10 mmol), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (1.22 g, 10 mmol) or phenyl hydrazine (1.08 g, 10 mmol) and potassium carbonate (1.38 g, 10 mmol) in dimethylformamide (25 ml) was heated at 90 °C for 24 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was poured into ice water. The obtained solid was filtered, washed with water, dried, and crystallised from ethanol to give pure products.

2.1.4.1. 4-Formylphenyl 6-bromo-2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)quinoline-4-carboxylate (6a)

Buff crystals; yield: 90%; m.p. 242 °C. IR (KBr) γ/cm−1: 1715 (C = O aldehyde), 1690 (C = O ester). 1 H-NMR (400 MHz-DMSO-d6): δ 2.96 (s, 6 H, 2CH3), 6.37 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H, styryl-H), 6.42 (d, J = 4 Hz, 1 H, styryl-H), 6.65 (d, 2 H, Ar-H), 6.82 (d, 2 H, Ar-H), 7.48 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H, Ar-H), 7.56 (d, 2 H, Ar-H), 7.61 (d, 2 H, Ar-H), 8.07 (s, 1 H, Ar-H), 8.13 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H, Ar-H), 8.35 (s, 1 H, Ar-H), 9.07 (s, 1 H, CHO). MS (m/z%): 502 (M+ + 1, 6.73), 501 (M+, 42.52), 500 (M+–1, 60.21), 373 (100). Anal. Calcd for C27H21BrN2O3 (501.38): C, 64.68; H, 4.22; N, 5.59. Found: C, 64.72; H, 4.26; N, 5.63.

2.1.4.2. 4-Formylphenyl 2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-6-methylquinoline-4-carboxylate (6 b)

Pale brown crystals; yield: 92%; m.p. 248 °C. IR (KBr) γ/cm−1: 1710 (C = O aldehyde), 1695 (C = O ester). 1 H-NMR (400 MHz-DMSO-d6): δ 2.30 (s, 3 H, Ar-CH3), 3.12 (s, 6 H, 2CH3), 6.39 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H, styryl-H), 6.40 (d, J = 4 Hz, 1 H, styryl-H), 6.85 (d, 2 H, Ar-H), 7.47 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H, Ar-H), 7.56 (d, 2 H, Ar-H), 7.62 (d, 2 H, Ar-H), 7.84 (d, 2 H, Ar-H), 8.11 (s, 1 H, Ar-H), 8.18 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H, Ar-H), 8.32 (s, 1 H, Ar-H), 9.13 (s, 1 H, CHO). MS (m/z%): 437 (M+ + 1, 22), 436 (M+, 37), 308 (100). Anal. Calcd for C28H24N2O3 (436.51): C, 77.04; H, 5.54; N, 6.42. Found: C, 77.08; H, 5.57; N, 6.46.

2.1.4.3. 6-Bromo-2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N'-phenylquinoline-4-carbohydrazide (7a)

Brown crystals; yield: 89%; m.p. 232 °C. IR (KBr) γ/cm−1: 3362 (NH), 1650 (C = O amide). 1 H-NMR (400 MHz-DMSO-d6): δ 3.12 (s, 6 H, 2CH3), 4.92 (s, 1 H, NH, D2O exchangeable), 5.20 (s, 1 H, NH, D2O exchangeable), 6.39 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H, styryl-H), 6.40 (d, J = 4 Hz, 1 H, styryl-H), 6.80 (d, 2 H, Ar-H), 7.47 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H, Ar-H), 7.56 (d, 2 H, Ar-H), 8.04 (s, 1 H, Ar-H), 8.18 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H, Ar-H), 8.21–8.29 (m, 3 H, Ar-H), 8.32 (s, 1 H, Ar-H), 8.41–8.48 (m, 2 H, Ar-H). 13C NMR (100 MHz-DMSO-d6): δ 42.1, 111.3, 114.0, 114.9, 118.5, 121.8, 123.7, 125.3, 126.9, 127.2, 129.1, 130.2, 131.7, 132.2, 138.9, 142.4, 143.8, 148.6, 150.0, 155.4, 163.9. MS (m/z%): 488 (M+ + 1, 18.52), 487 (M+, 56.12), 486 (M+–1, 68.03), 359 (100). Anal. Calcd for C26H23BrN4O (487.40): C, 64.07; H, 4.76; N, 11.50. Found: C, 64.11; H, 4.79; N, 11.54.

2.1.4.4. 2-(4-(Dimethylamino)styryl)-6-methyl-N'-phenylquinoline-4-carbohydrazide (7 b)

Brown crystals; yield: 86%; m.p. 228 °C. IR (KBr) γ/cm−1: 3365 (NH), 1655 (C = O amide). 1 H-NMR (400 MHz-DMSO-d6): δ 2.41 (s, 3 H, Ar-CH3), 3.33 (s, 6 H, 2CH3), 4.85 (s, 1 H, NH, D2O exchangeable), 5.21 (s, 1 H, NH, D2O exchangeable), 6.28 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H, styryl-H), 6.39 (d, J = 4 Hz, 1 H, styryl-H), 6.84 (d, 2 H, Ar-H), 7.55 (d, 2 H, Ar-H), 7.60 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H, Ar-H), 8.02 (s, 1 H, Ar-H), 8.10 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H, Ar-H), 8.19–8.26 (m, 3 H, Ar-H), 8.32 (s, 1 H, Ar-H), 8.39–8.47 (m, 2 H, Ar-H). MS (m/z%): 423 (M+ + 1, 32.31), 422 (M+, 55.17), 294 (100). Anal. Calcd for C27H26N4O (422.53): C, 76.75; H, 6.20; N, 13.26. Found: C, 76.79; H, 6.28; N, 13.30.

2.1.5. General method for synthesis of compounds 8a,b and 9a,b

To the acid chloride 5 (10 mmol), sodium salt of ethyl 2-cyanoacetate or pentane-2,4-dione [prepared by using sodium ethoxide and ketone derivatives in ethanol (20 ml)] was added and stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was filtered, washed with water, dried, and crystallised from DMF.

2.1.5.1. Ethyl 3-(6-bromo-2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)quinolin-4-yl)-2-cyano-3-oxopropanoate (8a)

White crystals; yield: 82%; m.p. > 300 °C. 1 H-NMR (400 MHz-DMSO-d6): δ 1.22 (t, J = 8 Hz, 3 H, CH3), 3.14 (s, 6 H, 2CH3), 4.20 (q, J = 8 Hz, 2 H, CH2), 4.60 (s, 1 H, CH-CN), 6.58 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H, styryl-H), 6.66 (d, J = 4 Hz, 1 H, styryl-H), 6.82 (d, 2 H, Ar-H), 7.47 (d, 2 H, Ar-H), 7.52 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H, Ar-H), 8.00 (s, 1 H, Ar-H), 8.23 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H, Ar-H), 8.41 (s, 1 H, Ar-H). MS (m/z%): 493 (M+ + 1, 42.11), 491 (M+–1, 34.17), 363 (100). Anal. Calcd for C25H22BrN3O3 (492.37): C, 60.99; H, 4.50; N, 8.53. Found: C, 60.95; H, 4.48; N, 8.50.

2.1.5.2. Ethyl 2-cyano-3-(2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-6-methylquinolin-4-yl)-3-oxopropanoate (8 b)

White crystals; yield: 80%; m.p. > 300 °C. IR (KBr) γ/cm−1: 2210 (C≡N), 1705 (C = O ester), 1628 (C = O ketone). 1 H-NMR (400 MHz-DMSO-d6): δ 1.24 (t, J = 8 Hz, 3 H, CH3), 3.00 (s, 3 H, Ar-CH3), 3.10 (s, 6 H, 2CH3), 4.18 (q, J = 8 Hz, 2 H, CH2), 4.53 (s, 1 H, CH-CN), 6.59 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H, styryl-H), 6.60 (d, J = 4 Hz, 1 H, styryl-H), 6.80 (d, 2 H, Ar-H), 7.44 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H, Ar-H), 7.52 (d, 2 H, Ar-H), 8.05 (s, 1 H, Ar-H), 8.12 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H, Ar-H), 8.38 (s, 1 H, Ar-H). MS (m/z%): 428 (M+ + 1, 22.39), 427 (M+, 50.11), 299 (100). Anal. Calcd for C26H25N3O3 (427.50): C, 73.05; H, 5.89; N, 9.83. Found: C, 73.09; H, 5.92; N, 9.87.

2.1.5.3. 3-(6-Bromo-2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)quinoline-4-carbonyl)pentane-2,4-dione (9a)

White crystals; yield: 77%; m.p. > 300 °C. IR (KBr) γ/cm−1: 1620 (C = O ketone). 1 H-NMR (400 MHz-DMSO-d6): δ 3.00 (s, 6 H, 2CH3), 3.37 (s, 6 H, 2COCH3), 4.64 (s, 1 H, CH-CO), 6.50 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H, styryl-H), 6.62 (d, J = 4 Hz, 1 H, styryl-H), 6.85 (d, 2 H, Ar-H), 7.49 (d, 2 H, Ar-H), 7.57 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H, Ar-H), 7.95 (s, 1 H, Ar-H), 8.03 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H, Ar-H), 8.35 (s, 1 H, Ar-H). 13C NMR (100 MHz-DMSO-d6): δ 27.2, 41.5, 80.2, 112.4, 114.9, 123.8, 125.0, 126.2, 128.0, 128.2, 129.1, 129.8, 131.0, 132.4, 134.8, 144.5, 154.8, 194.0, 199.7. MS (m/z%): 480 (M+ + 1, 20.44), 478 (M+–1, 31.00), 351 (100). Anal. Calcd for C25H23BrN2O3 (479.37): C, 62.64; H, 4.84; N, 5.84. Found: C, 62.60; H, 4.81; N, 5.80.

2.1.5.4. 3-(2-(4-(Dimethylamino)styryl)-6-methylquinoline-4-carbonyl)pentane-2,4-dione (9 b)

White crystals; yield: 79%; m.p. > 300 °C. IR (KBr) γ/cm−1: 1625 (C = O ketone). 1 H-NMR (400 MHz-DMSO-d6): δ 2.93 (s, 6 H, 2CH3), 3.11 (s, 3 H, Ar-CH3), 3.34 (s, 6 H, 2COCH3), 4.60 (s, 1 H, CH-CO), 6.44 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H, styryl-H), 6.60 (d, J = 4 Hz, 1 H, styryl-H), 6.80 (d, 2 H, Ar-H), 7.42 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H, Ar-H), 7.52 (d, 2 H, Ar-H), 7.92 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1 H, Ar-H), 8.04 (s, 1 H, Ar-H), 8.21 (s, 1 H, Ar-H). MS (m/z%): 415 (M+ + 1, 31.26), 414 (M+, 50.37), 286 (100). Anal. Calcd for C26H26N2O3 (414.51): C, 75.34; H, 6.32; N, 6.76. Found: C, 75.37; H, 6.37; N, 6.79.

2.2. Biological assay

2.2.1. Antitumour activity using MTT assay

The designed compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antitumour effect using the standard MTT method against two human tumour cell lines, namely, HepG2 and HCT116Citation45–48. The quantitative evaluation of the cytotoxicity was performed using tetrazolium salt MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2 H-tetrazolium bromide) assay. The cytotoxic activity was expressed as the concentration of the compound that caused 50% growth inhibition (IC50, mean ± SEM) compared with the growth of untreated cells.

2.2.2. EGFR kinase inhibition assay

EGFR kinase activity was determined via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 96-well platesCitation50. The EGFR kinase activity for each compound were expressed as IC50 values. Data were represented as mean ± SD from three independent experiments, and differences between groups were considered statistically significant at p < .05.

2.3. Docking methodology

All modelling experiments were conducted with MOE programs running on PC computer (MOE 2008.10, Chemical Computing Group, Inc., Montreal, QC, Canada)Citation51–54. Starting coordinates of the X-ray crystal structure of the EGFR enzyme in complex with erlotinib (PDB code 1M17) were obtained from the RCSB Protein Data BankCitation29.

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Chemistry

The target compounds were prepared as outlined in Schemes 1 and 2. The structures of the target compounds were established based on elemental analysis, IR, 1 H NMR, 13C NMR, and MS data. The starting compounds, 2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-6-substituted quinoline-4-carboxylic acids 3a,b, were prepared through the Pfitzinger reaction, which offers a very convenient synthetic entry to the quinoline-4-carboxylic acid derivatives 3a,b by heating 4–(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)but-3-en-2-one (1) and 5-substituted isatins 2a,b in an aqueous/alcoholic KOH solution (Scheme 1)Citation55–57.

Scheme 1. Synthesis of the designed 2-styryl-4-quinoline carboxylic acids, and 1,3,4-thiadiazoles 3a,b and 4a,b.

Scheme 1. Synthesis of the designed 2-styryl-4-quinoline carboxylic acids, and 1,3,4-thiadiazoles 3a,b and 4a,b.

Scheme 2. Synthesis of compounds 5a,b–9a,b.

Scheme 2. Synthesis of compounds 5a,b–9a,b.

The condensation of quinoline-4-carboxylic acids 3a,b with thiosemicarbazide in the presence of phosphorus oxychlorideCitation58 afforded the 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazoles 4a,b (Scheme 1). The IR spectra of the compounds 4a,b showed disappearance of peak at 3400–3448 cm−1 (OH group) and peak at 1681 cm−1 (C = O group) in compounds 3a,b, while peaks in the ranges 3380–3384 cm−1 and 685–690 cm−1, attributed to (NH2) and (C–S–C) groups, respectively, were observed. In addition, 1 H NMR spectra of compounds 4a,b showed signals in the range of 8.91–8.97 ppm characteristic for the –NH2 group with disappearance of –COOH group signal of compounds 3a,b at 11.69 ppm.

Generation of the acid chlorides 5a,b from their corresponding carboxylic acids 3a,b was achieved through heating under reflux with thionyl chloride (Scheme 2). These acid chlorides 5a,b were subjected to reaction with 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and phenylhydrazine in dimethylformamide containing potassium carbonate to yield 4-formylphenyl 2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-6-substituted quinoline-4-carboxylates 6a,b and 2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-6-substituted N′-phenylquinoline-4-carbohydrazides 7a,b, respectively (Scheme 2). The IR spectra of compounds 6a,b and 7a,b showed absorption bands at 1644–1657 cm−1 and 3362–3365 cm−1 attributed to formyl and amino groups, respectively. In addition, 1 H NMR spectra of compounds 6a,b showed signals in the range of 9.07–9.13, characteristic of the formyl moieties. The acid chlorides 5a,b were further condensed with either ethyl cyanoacetate or acetyl acetone, to afford compounds 8a,b and 9a,b (Scheme 2). 1 H NMR spectra of compounds 8a,b showed characteristic triplet and quartet signals for the ethyl ester groups at 1.22–1.24 ppm and 4.18–4.20 ppm, respectively. Furthermore, compounds 9a,b showed singlet signals for the methyl ketone groups (O = C–CH3) at approximately 3.34–3.37 ppm in addition to a singlet peak at 4.60–4.64 ppm characteristic of the –CH– groups (–CH–CO–CH3).

3.2. Biological evaluation

3.2.1. Antitumour activity

The antitumour activity of the designed compounds 3a,b–9a,b and both reference drugs 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and afatinib against HepG2 and HCT116 cell lines is shown in and Citation45–48. It is clear that compounds 3a and 4a,b exhibited the highest antitumour activities against the tested cell lines, with an IC50 range of 7.7–14.0 µg/ml, in comparison with the IC50 values of the reference drugs 5-FU (IC50 range of 5.3–7.9 µg/ml) and afatinib (IC50 range of 5.4–11.4 µg/ml). Moreover, 2–(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-6-methylquinoline-4-carboxylic acid (3b) exhibited strong cytotoxic effects against HepG2 and HCT116 cell lines with IC50 values of 17.2 and 14.8 µg/ml, respectively. In addition, ethyl 3-(6-bromo-2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)quinolin-4-yl)-2-cyano-3-oxopropanoate (8a) showed strong activity against the HCT116 cell line (IC50 = 16.0 µg/ml) and moderate activity against the HepG2 cell line (IC50 = 26.2 µg/ml). On the contrary, compounds 7a and 8 b showed moderate efficacy against HepG2 and HCT116 cell lines with an IC50 range of 43.7–52.6 µg/ml. Finally, 4-formylphenyl 2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)quinoline-4-carboxylates 6a,b and 4-carbonylpentane-2,4-diones 3-(2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)quinoline-4-carbonyl)pentane-2,4-diones 9a,b exhibited weak to very weak cytotoxic activity, with an IC50 range of 57.3–100 µg/ml.

Figure 2. Relative viability of cells (%) against concentration of the newly synthesized compounds.

Figure 2. Relative viability of cells (%) against concentration of the newly synthesized compounds.

Table 1. In vitro antitumour activity of the tested compounds.

3.2.2. EGFR inhibitory activity

The mechanism of antitumour activity of the target compounds was studied using ELISA-based EGFR-TK assayCitation50. Five compounds with the highest antitumour activities were evaluated against EGFR kinase activity assays with sorafenib and erlotinib as the reference drugs. IC50 values of the tested compounds were calculated and are listed in , where compounds 3a (IC50 = 2.23 µM) and 4b (IC50 = 1.11 µM) showed the highest inhibitory activity against EGFR, compared to the other tested compounds. The activities of compounds 3b (IC50 = 8.01 µM), 4a (IC50 = 8.78 µM), and 8a (IC50 = 16.01 µM) against EGFR were found to be weakly active comparable to those of sorafenib (IC50 = 1.14 µM) and erlotinib (IC50 = 0.1 µM). Based on these results, we can conclude that EGFR-TK inhibitory activity of the target compounds is correlated to their antitumour activities against HepG2 and HCT116.

Table 2. IC50 values of the designed compounds toward EGFR kinase and docking interaction energy.

3.3. Molecular docking study

The inhibitory activities of compounds 3a and 4b on EGFR kinase prompted us to carry out molecular docking into the putative binding site of EGFR kinase. Both compounds 3a and 4b were flexibly docked into the active site of EGFR kinase along with the reference inhibitor erlotinib (PDB code: 1M17)Citation29. All docking calculations were performed using MOE 2008.10 softwareCitation7b,Citation51–54.

The interaction energies of compounds 3a and 4b and erlotinib, docked into the active site of EGFR, were –18.54, –20.89, and –29.01 kcal/mol, respectively ( and ). The molecular docking results of the most active compound 4b demonstrated a hydrophobic interaction of the quinoline ring with surrounding amino acids, such as Val702, Leu694, and Leu820. The substituent group at C-4 of the quinoline ring is the main moiety affecting the binding mode of compound 4b in both activation and catalytic loops, where a 2-aminothiadiazole ring uniquely formed trifurcated hydrogen bonds with the distinctive residue Met769, Gln767, and Thr766. Moreover, the 2-styryl fragment of compound 4b was firmly extended to the backbone, similar to the 6,7-dialkoxy moiety of erlotinib, augmenting the recognition and the overall inhibitory activity (, lower left panel).

Figure 3. Three-dimensional interactions of erlotinib (upper left panel), compounds 4b (lower left panel), and 3a (lower right panel) with the receptor pocket of EGFR kinase. Hydrogen bonds are shown as green line. Upper right panel shows superimposition of compounds 4b (green coloured) and 3a (yellow coloured) on erlotinib (red coloured) inside the pockets of the active site.

Figure 3. Three-dimensional interactions of erlotinib (upper left panel), compounds 4b (lower left panel), and 3a (lower right panel) with the receptor pocket of EGFR kinase. Hydrogen bonds are shown as green line. Upper right panel shows superimposition of compounds 4b (green coloured) and 3a (yellow coloured) on erlotinib (red coloured) inside the pockets of the active site.

Compound 3a binds in a similar manner to compound 4b, where hydrophobic interaction is clearly observed among amino acid residues Val702, Leu694, and Leu820 and quinoline core. It was found that the carboxylic group at position-4 of the quinoline core was clearly recognised, with hydrogen bonding to the amino acid residue Gln767, while this carboxylic group was shifted away from the distinctive amino acid residue Met769. Moreover, the bromine atom at position-6 formed bifurcated hydrogen bonds with the amino acid residue Met742 and Glu738 (, lower right panel). It is clear that the results of the molecular docking can be used to design novel quinoline derivatives with potential antitumour activity and binding to EGFR kinase.

4. Conclusions

Novel 4,6-disubstituted 2-SQ derivatives 3a,b–9a,b have been synthesized, and their antitumour activity and EGFR inhibition have been evaluated. Among the tested compounds, 3a and 4a,b (IC50 ≅ 7.7–9.8 µg/ml) were identified as the most potent antitumour agents against HepG2 and HCT116 cancer cell lines, with activity comparable to that of 5-FU (IC50 ≅ 5.37–7.9 µg/ml) and afatinib (IC50 ≅ 5.4 –11.4 µg/ml). Moreover, compound 3b exhibited strong antitumour activities against HepG2 and HCT116 cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 17.2 and 14.8 µg/ml, respectively. Compounds 3a and 4b have moderate inhibitory activity on EGFR with IC50 values of 2.23 and 1.22 µM, respectively. Accordingly, both compounds 3a and 4b are expected to exert their antitumour activity through inhibition of EGFR. A molecular docking study was conducted for compounds 3a and 4b and the putative binding site of EGFR kinase, which revealed a binding mode similar to that of the reference inhibitor erlotinib.

Acknowledgements

Authors deeply thank Dr. Abdelbasset A. Farahat, Georgia State University, United States for his great help in carrying out NMR. The authors extend their appreciation to the Holding Company for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA), Cairo, Egypt, for performing the biological screening.

Additional information

Funding

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for funding the work through the research group project No. RG-1435–046.

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