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ABSTRACT
This article advances that the movement towards ‘deeper’ Caribbean integration has generated a shift from ‘immature’ regionalism to a ‘mature’ form of regionalism. Thus, mature regionalism, a new governance mechanism, in regulating the institutional and legal framework of Caribbean Single Market and Economy is drastically altering national education governance within the Caribbean Community. In focusing on the functional aspects integration, this article suggests that mature regionalism in education is built upon collaborative governance and encompasses multipartner governance arrangement – with the state, private sector, civil society, and the community as well as hybrid public–private and private–social partnerships and co-management regimes. It concludes that the instrumentalisation of mature regionalism in education is giving way to ‘educational regionalism’ defined by the movement towards structured institutional mechanisms, to facilitate the deepening of Caribbean integration.
Acknowledgments
I am indebted to Briellen Griffin who provided extensive comments on earlier drafts of this manuscript as well as to the external referees who gave critical feedback and encouraged me to think outside of the box.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Notes
1 Initially, the Caribbean Community Commission, seen as been ‘formally approved by the Heads of Government or other competent organs of the Community to give effect to, or facilitate, the making of Community decision’ was proposed as the implementing body for Community Law and the enforcement of critical decisions as proposed in the Rose Hall Declaration (see Lewis Citation2006).
2 CARICOM’s current members are Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago. Montserrat, the Bahamas, and Haiti are not members of the Caribbean Single Market Economy.
3 It should be noted that Caribbean Single Economy was expended to commence in two phases that have now been paused indefinitely in light of the 2008 global financial crisis and recession. Beginning in 2008–2009, phase 1, the CSM should have been consolidated into the CSE and phase 2, 2010 and 2015, prosed the consolidation and completion of the Single Economy As of 2016, several aspects of phase 1 have not been implemented, and phase 2 has been stalled.
4 This implies that any national of CARICOM can set up a companies and business enterprise in any of the countries that member CSME.
5 Rulings by the Caribbean Court of Justice has the potential to change the intergovernmental nature of CARICOM given its jurisdiction and its ability to create community laws see the case of Myrie v. The State of Barbados of 2013 where the CCJ upheld the right of unfettered mobility across the region. The movement away from intergovernmentalism was recommend by the West Indian Commission (CARICOM Citation1992) and reaffirmed in the Rose Hall Declaration (CARICOM Citation2003) and reiterated by the Technical Working Group on Governance (CARICOM 2006).
6 Expanding upon Acosta and Perez Centeno’s (Citation2011) definition of motor nuclei to account for the regional level, I employ it in this article to describe series of signposts or episodes that have become transdiscursive and trans-regional as regional governance mechanisms evolve and restructure the global architecture.
7 The federation consisted of 10 former British West Indian territories and collapsed due to infighting after Jamaica, the most populous nation at the time, voted to leave the alliance in 1961 in preparation for independence from the United Kingdom.
8 Production integration, as an approach for economic integration in CARICOM, was first proposed by Brewster and Thomas (Citation1967) as a complementary approach based on the ‘integration of trade and production’ rather than a pure market-driven (Girvan Citation2001). Production integration with its focus on goods and to a lesser extent services through ‘industrial programming and an active role of the state; with much of the new activity being oriented to the regional market’ (Girvan Citation2001, 8) emerged as the bedrock of the Original Treaty of Chaguaramas (CARICOM, Citation1973). However, the Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas (CARCIOM, Citation2001b) recirculates the concept of production integration within context of open regionalism so that CSME is focused on ‘ … increased production integration of goods, services and capital with the world economy’ (Girvan Citation2001, 10). In fact, the Revised Treaty calls for the ‘structured integration of production in the Region’ to facilitate the ‘unrestricted movement of capital, labour and technology’ (CARICOM Citation2001a, para 7).
9 Unlike the Single European Act (1986) that was later incorporated into the Treaty of Rome that called for ‘ever closer Europe Union’, through the removal of frontiers – physical, technical, or fiscal, the Rose Hall Declaration does not make such a distinction (see Brewster, Dolan, and Stewart Citation2002).
10 Ideological pluralism or political fragmentation describes the political differences that lead to development of socialist experiments in Guyana, guided by Prime Minister Linden Forbes Sampson Burnham from 1966 to 1980 as well as the president from 1980 to 1985; Jamaica, aided by Prime Minister Michael Norman Manley from 1972 to 1980; and Grenada, under Prime Minister Maurice Rupert Bishop from 1979 to 1983 (see Jules Citation2013).
11 HEART Trust was set up in Jamaica by a 1982 Act of Parliament (the HEART Act) that was later expanded to assume the complete range of training agency functions, including providing training and employment assistance.
12 CARICOM has four Councils identified in the Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas, the other three are (i) the Council of Trade and Economic Development (COTED) – promotes trade and economic development of the Community; (ii) the Council for Foreign and Community Relations (COFCOR) – determines relations with international organisations and third states; and (iii) the Council for Finance and Planning (COFAP) – coordinates economic policy and financial and monetary integration of Member States.