Cladistic analysis of the Stephaniellaceae (Marchantiophyta) based on morphological data

Abstract

This work evaluates the phylogenetic relationships between Stephaniellaceae, Arnelliaceae, Southbyaceae, and Gymnomitriaceae, and between genera and species of the Stephaniellaceae. We analysed morphological data obtained from herbarium specimens and from the literature under the parsimony criterion using equal weightings and implied weightings. The inclusion of Stephaniella and Stephaniellidium within Arnelliaceae, Southbyaceae or Gymnomitriaceae is not supported in this analysis. The clade Stephaniellaceae had a moderately high Jackknife support and the family was characterized by the following synapomorphies: presence of paraphyllia and presence of longitudinal folds in female bracts. Within the Stephaniellaceae, Stephaniella is corroborated as monophyletic and Stephaniellidium is resolved as its sister group. The relationship between Stephaniella uncifolia Winkler and Stephaniella hamata Stephani was strongly supported in both analyses while the relationship between Stephaniella paraphyllina Jack and Stephaniella boliviensis Stephani was weakly supported. With these results, S. boliviensis is proposed as a synonym of S. paraphyllina. We propose changes in the taxonomic position of Stephaniella and Stephaniellidium and in their classification in consideration of the complex morphology of the species and the lack of sexual structures and collections.

Key words:

• Arnelliaceae
• equal weighting
• implied weighting
• Gymnomitriaceae
• Southbyaceae
• Stephaniella
• Stephaniellidium

Acknowledgements

The curators of the following herbaria are thanked for the loan of specimens: B, BM, G, M, MEXU, MO, NY, and S. Eberto Novelo Maldonado, Deneb García-Ávila made useful comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. Beata Cykowska provided useful literature. Jesús A. Cruz-López commented and provided assistance in editing trees and program management for the manuscript. Grateful thanks are extended to two anonymous reviewers and Nadia Bystriakova for their helpful comments.

Associate Editor: Nadia Bystriakova

Supplemental data

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed here http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2015.1103322

Additional information

Funding

Thanks are extended to the Graduate Programme in Biological Sciences of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). This paper constitutes a partial fulfilment of the Graduate Program in Biological Science of the UNAM. We thank the scholarship and financial support provided by the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT) (Scholarship number 225537), and the Institute of Biology (UNAM) for the infrastructure provided.